Comparative eco-ethology of African Primates

我们对西非不同环境下的黑猩猩和猴子进行了比较行为学和生态学研究。研究领域是几内亚和象牙海岸边境的博苏和蒙茨宁巴，猕猴在象牙海岸的塔伊，帕塔斯猴在喀麦隆的卡卢努埃。主要研究结果如下：1.分析了黑猩猩使用锤砧破碎硬坚果的行为。他们开始这种行为在3- 4岁，但热衷于在大约10。研究结果表明：1.成年人在使用锤子时，有的是右利手，有的是左手。黑猩猩用魔杖收集并吃掉攻击性的游猎蚂蚁。对60支魔杖的特征和使用者的年龄、性别进行了调查。通过对100余次黑猩猩使用叶海绵饮水的调查，分析了黑猩猩使用叶海绵饮水的季节性、叶海绵的种类偏好以及使用者的年龄和性别.黑猩猩在顶部用油棕的叶柄敲击杵的行为最早被记录下来，是为了制造和饮用树汁。在少数情况下，黑猩猩收集树液与“纤维海绵”作为工具复合材料。在耶尔、蒙茨宁巴，库拉是一个使用锤子的目标，在博苏缺席。一些库拉坚果被拿给了博苏黑猩猩。只有一只成年雌性破解了它，少年逐渐学会了，但其他人被忽视了。使用“假坚果”的田间试验表明，她是从“库拉森林”移民过来的。6.列出了博苏的植物群，明确了人类和黑猩猩对博苏植物群的利用.在一个混合种群的7种猴种间的声音交流进行了分析，在热带雨林。干草原的猕猴虽然是单雄群，但DNA指纹图谱显示它们有混杂繁殖的现象。

We have carried out the comparative ethology and ecology of chimpanzees and monkeys at different environment of west Africa. Study fields were Bossou and Monts Nimba at the frontier of Guinea and Ivory Coast for chimpanzees, Tai of Ivory Coast for Cercopithecoid monkeys, and Kalamaloue of Cameroon for patas monkeys. Main results were as follows.1. Behavior of hammer-anvil using for cracking hard-nuts by chimpanzees was analyzed. They begin this behavior at 3-4years old but are keen at about 10. Some are right and others are left hand users, however, at least adults show exclusive laterality in hammer-use.2. Chimpanzees collect and eat aggressive safari-ants using wand. Sixty wands were examined their characteristics and also user's age-sex.3. Leaf-sponge using for drinking water by chimpanzees was analyzed their seasonality, preference of leaf species, and user's age-sex from about 100 episodes.4. Pestle-pounding behavior by chimpanzees using a leaf-stalk of oil-palm at its top was first recorded for making and drinking sap. In a few cases chimpanzees collected sap with "fiber-sponges" as tool-composite.5. Coula edulis is a target for hammer-using at Yeale, Monts Nimba, and absent at Bossou. Some Coula nuts were presented to Bossou chimpanzees. Only an adult female cracked it, juveniles gradually learned but others neglected. Field experiment using "false-nut" suggested that she immigrated from a "Coula forest" .6. Flora of Bossou was listed up and its use by human and chimpanzee was made clear.7. Interspecies vocal communication in a mixed-species group by 7 species of monkeys were analyzed at the rain-forest of Tai.8. Although patas monkeys of dry-savanna have uni-male-group but promiscuous breeding was detected by DNA fingerprinting.