Long term severe competitions and the fluctuation of group member's motivation

本研究旨在探讨职业运动队之间以及紧急情况下队员之间的激烈竞争对参与者的行为和动机的影响。许多研究表明，只有其他人的存在才能促进被试过度学习的简单任务的执行。然而，对职业棒球队世界大赛数据的分析结果与上述事实不符。职业运动队在主场球迷的压力下表现异常糟糕(窒息)，在冠军系列赛决定性的主场比赛中表现不佳。对日本职业棒球数据的分析也发现了主场冠军窒息的证据。此外，日本队的主场窒息程度高于美国队。第二，本研究调查了1996年6月13日发生的Garuda飞机失事火灾中乘客的行为。获得了260名乘客中的219名乘客的数据。结果如下：1)灾难发生后，许多乘客被吓得目瞪口呆。他们尖叫着，冲向飞机中央的两个出口。3)他们随大流。4)他们对自己选择的行李、鞋子、逃生方向和出口有一种执着。18个领导人出现在飞机的后部。他们命令其他人冷静下来，并说：“我们安全了！”这些言论可能会为人潮辩护。6)有些人互相帮助，互相呼喊。

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of severe competitions between professional sports teams and among members in a emergency situation upon participants behaviors and motivation.Many studies showed that mere existence of others have been found to facilitate performance of easy tasks which were overlearned by subjects. However, the results of the analysis of the World Series data of the professional baseball teams were inconsistent with the above facts. Professional sports teams play unusually badly (choke) under the pressure created by their home fans and perform poorly in decisive home games of championship series. The analysis of the data of the Japanese professional baseball also finds evidence of a home-field championship choke. Moreover, the degree of the home choke was higher for Japanese teams than American teams.Second, the present study examined the behavibr of the passengers in the Garuda aircraft accident fire which occurred on 13th June 1996. Two hundred and nineteen out of 260 passengers' data were obtained. The results were as follows : 1) Many passengers were frozen with terror immediately after the disaster occurrence. 2) They screamed and made a rush for two exits of the central part of the plane. 3) They followed others. 4) They had a fixation about their luggage, shoes, escaped direction and exit which they had chosen firstly. 5) Eighteen leaders emerged at the rear part of the plane. They ordered the others to calm down and said "we are safe! ". These remarks may defenda surging of people. 6) Some people helped and called out each other.