Historical Research of Fetus Education in Europe and the United States

通过对历史的研究，我们发现：(1)在欧洲历史上，我们发现了大量关于胚胎或胎儿教育的论述，尽管大多数教育史家倾向于承认，关于胎儿教育的论述仅限于东方地区。(2)柏拉图和亚里士多德在其著名著作《法律与政治》中提到了胎儿教育。此外，希波克拉底和索拉诺斯强调了妇女在子宫中的养生方式。(3)古代的论述通过中世纪传到了早期的现代助产书籍和家庭管理书籍中；例如，詹姆斯·吉利莫(James Guillimeau)，1612年的《分娩》，以及威廉·高格(William Gouge)，1622年的《家庭责任》。(4)我们可以在托马斯·特赖恩(Thomas Tryon)的《教育儿童的新方法》(1695)中找到关于胎儿教育的典型而详细的论述。(5)特里翁认为胎儿是一个微型宇宙，其方式与Paracelsus相同。因此，Tryon强调母亲和胎儿之间的同情。(6)然而，这种同情思想在18世纪初英国关于母亲想象力的争论中被打破了。母亲的想象力对胎儿的影响被否认。胎儿在母亲的子宫中不再是一个小宇宙。(7)我们的报告论文由三章组成：欧洲胎儿教育系谱、欧洲胎儿教育选集、J.P.弗兰克的医疗警察和人口统计学实践。

Our Findings through our historical research are as follows :(1) We discovered plenty of discourses on embryo or fetus education in European history, though most historians of education inclined to admit that discourses of fetus education which has been dominant in Japan were restricted in oriental areas.(2) Plato and Aristotle referred to fetus education in their famous books (Law and Politics). Further, Hippocrates and Soranus emphasized the regimen of women who were with their child in their wombs.(3) Ancient discourses were transmitted to early modern midwifery books and house-management books through middle ages ; For example, James Guillimeau, Child-birth, 1612, and William Gouge, Of Domesticall Duties, 1622.(4) We could find a typical and detailed discourse of fetus education in Thomas Tryon, A New Method of Educating Children, 1695.(5) Tryon considered the fetus as a micro-cosmos in the same way as Paracelsus. Therefore, Tryon emphasized the sympathy between the mother and the fetus.(6) However, such thought of sympathy was broken down by the dispute over the power of the mother's imagination in the early 18th century England. The influence of mother's imagination on the fetus was denied. The fetus ceased to be a micro-cosmos in the mother's womb.(7) Our report papers are consisted of 3 chapters ; Genealogy of Fetus Education in Europe, Anthology of European Fetus Education, J.P.Frank's Medical police and Demographic Practice.