Educational Journalism and School Corporal Punishment in Nineteenth Century England

我们试图重新考虑一起针对校长的过失杀人案（Regina v Hopley, 1860），该案件在1987年之前一直被视为学校体罚法律案件的典型，通过研究当时的报纸和教育期刊。通过这项研究，我们不仅澄清了事件本身，而且澄清了公众对学校体罚的反应和意见。通过历史研究，我们发现：(1)霍普利事件是最轰动的，在英国引起了最大的轰动。当地报纸热情地详细报道了这件事。此外，大多数英格兰和苏格兰的主要报纸也报道了对Hopley的审判，并对该事件进行了评论。(2)大多数报纸反映了民众对体罚的反感，《布莱顿观察家报》（5月11日）甚至要求“废除英格兰学校的所有体罚”。(3)另一方面，1860年出版的12本教育期刊中，只有4本评论了霍普利一案。他们中的大多数人都反对报纸上大肆宣扬的“民意”。(4)为了在关于学校体罚的争论中确立专业领导地位，“英国第一个教育学教授”约瑟夫·佩恩（Joseph Payne）试图构建一种新的学校体罚教学范式。然而，他本人并不反对使用体罚作为维持纪律的手段。他只是否认经常使用体罚。相反，他断言，“一个警惕的管理”，对应于“pouvoir pastoral”（米歇尔·福柯），对于纪律是必要的，它将成为体罚有效性的基础。

We attempted to reconsider a manslaughter case against a schoolmaster (Regina v Hopley, 1860), which had been regarded as an archetype of legal cases of school corporal punishment until 1987, by examining contemporary newspapers and educational journals. Through this research, we have clarified not only the incident itself but also public reactions and opinions for/against school corporal punishment. Our Findings through our historical research are as follows :(1) The Hopley's incident was most sensational and caused the greatest excitement in England. Local newspapers enthusiastically reported the case in detail. Furthermore , most of English and Scotch principal newspapers also reported the trial of Hopley and made comments on the incident(2) Most of newspapers reflected the popular feelings averse to corporal punishment, and The Brighton Observer (May 11) demanded even "the abolition of all corporal punishment in the schools of England".(3) On the other hand, it was only four of twelve educational periodicals published in 1860 that made comments on the Hopley case. Most of them were averse to the "public opinion" expressed vigorously in the newspapers.(4) In order to establish a professional leadership in the debate on school corporal punishment, Joseph Payne, "the first professor of education in Britain", attempted to formulate a new pedagogical paradigm of school corporal punishment. He himself, however, did not argue against the use of physical punishment as a means of maintaining discipline. He denied only habitual use of corporal punishment. Rather, he asserted that "a vigilant administration", which corresponds to the "pouvoir pastoral" (Michel Foucault), was necessary for the discipline and it would become a basis for the effectiveness of corporal punishment.