Educational Journalism and School Corporal Punishment in Nineteenth Century England

我们试图通过研究当代报纸和教育期刊，重新考虑针对一名校长的过失杀人案(Regina诉Hopley，1860年)，直到1987年，这起案件一直被视为学校体罚法律案件的原型。通过这项研究，我们不仅澄清了事件本身，也澄清了公众对学校体罚的反应和意见。我们通过历史研究发现：(1)霍普利事件是英国最轰动、最激动人心的事件。当地报纸热情地对此案进行了详细报道。此外，大多数英格兰和苏格兰的主要报纸也报道了对霍普利的审判并对这一事件发表了评论。(2)大多数报纸反映了反对体罚的民意，《布莱顿观察家报》(5月11日)甚至要求“废除英格兰学校的所有体罚”。(3)另一方面，1860年出版的12种教育期刊中只有4种对霍普利案发表了评论。他们中的大多数人反对报纸上强烈表达的舆论。(4)为了在有关学校体罚的辩论中建立专业的领导地位，英国第一位教育学教授约瑟夫·佩恩试图构建一种关于学校体罚的新的教育学范式。然而，他本人并不反对使用体罚作为维持纪律的一种手段。他只否认习惯性地使用体罚。相反，他断言，“警觉的管理”是这一纪律所必需的，这将成为体罚有效性的基础，这与“牧歌”(米歇尔·福柯)相对应。

We attempted to reconsider a manslaughter case against a schoolmaster (Regina v Hopley, 1860), which had been regarded as an archetype of legal cases of school corporal punishment until 1987, by examining contemporary newspapers and educational journals. Through this research, we have clarified not only the incident itself but also public reactions and opinions for/against school corporal punishment. Our Findings through our historical research are as follows :(1) The Hopley's incident was most sensational and caused the greatest excitement in England. Local newspapers enthusiastically reported the case in detail. Furthermore , most of English and Scotch principal newspapers also reported the trial of Hopley and made comments on the incident(2) Most of newspapers reflected the popular feelings averse to corporal punishment, and The Brighton Observer (May 11) demanded even "the abolition of all corporal punishment in the schools of England".(3) On the other hand, it was only four of twelve educational periodicals published in 1860 that made comments on the Hopley case. Most of them were averse to the "public opinion" expressed vigorously in the newspapers.(4) In order to establish a professional leadership in the debate on school corporal punishment, Joseph Payne, "the first professor of education in Britain", attempted to formulate a new pedagogical paradigm of school corporal punishment. He himself, however, did not argue against the use of physical punishment as a means of maintaining discipline. He denied only habitual use of corporal punishment. Rather, he asserted that "a vigilant administration", which corresponds to the "pouvoir pastoral" (Michel Foucault), was necessary for the discipline and it would become a basis for the effectiveness of corporal punishment.