Geneter in the modernization processes and works

德国和日本纺织业的最大区别在于男女比例。与日本劳动力中80%为女性相比，德国劳动力长期低于50%。本文通过对从工业化初期到近代的纺织业的考察，以及纺织作品的性别化意义，探讨了男女纺织工人比例悬殊的原因。在德国，家庭纺织业作为个体农户的副业发展成为所有家庭成员的主要工作。相比之下，在日本，它仍然只是一个妇女的副业，有助于家庭经济。德国的家庭工业采取手工业的形式，并有一定的职业证书，或者是一种男性化的工作，由妇女和儿童作为助手。在日本，有专业的女织布工，但她们并没有把工作作为一个既定的职业。机械化和新技术引进的时间取决于工作的性别特征是男性还是女性。本文的下一部分通过分析工厂法制定过程中的话语，着重探讨劳动力是如何产生的。在德国和日本，需要保护的女性和不需要保护的男性之间的差异被构建起来，即身体虚弱/强壮，意志薄弱/团结精神，依赖和无知/独立，家务/技能和技术，国家母亲/士兵。由于这种区分，国家对妇女身体和道德的干预被合法化。工厂法有助于界定民族国家和现代工业化时代的适当性别，并有助于建立性别化的国家、社会、经济和工作秩序。

The big difference between German and Japanese textile industries is the ratio of men to women. In contrast to the Japanese workforce of which 80% is women, the Germany one has remained for a long time less than 50%. Especially among weavers, the percentage of women to men constituted only 30%.In order to clarify the causes of disparity, this paper focuses on the textile industry from the period of proto industrialization to modern times and the gendered meaning given to textile works. In Germany the domestic textile industry as a side business of individual farmer households developed into the main work done by all family members. By contrast, in Japan, it remained solely a female side job which contributed to the family economy. The German domestic industry took the form of handycrafts combined with a certain occupational certification, or it was organized as a masculinized work with females and children as assistants. In Japan, there were expert female weavers, but they didn't do their work as an established profession. The time of mechanization and the introduction of new technology depended on whether or not the gendered character of the work was male or female.In the next part of this paper focuses on how labor forces were engendered through analyzing discourses in the process of enacting factory laws. Both in Germany and Japan the differences between women, who had to be protected, and men, who had no necessity of protection, were constructed, i.e.physically weak/strong, weak will/sprit of unity, dependant and ignorant/independent, housework/skill and technique, mother of nation/solider. As the result of this differentiation, state intervention into women's body and morals was legitimatized. The factory laws contributed to defining a gender suitable in the age of nation state and modern industrialization and helped to create engendered state, social, economic and working orders.