The Influence of the Linguistic Situation of the North-Eastern Eurasia on the Middle Mongolian

本项目的目的是根据蒙古帝国统治时期（即世纪）文献中发现的各种来源的外来词，阐明蒙古人在这一时期的语言状况。在这一时期的作品中，尤其是佛教文学中，我们可以看到许多借用的形式。它们的最终起源是印度语，形状扭曲，反映了蒙古语传入路线的差异，因此我们可以通过蒙古人借用它们的路径来判断。在某些情况下，蒙古人通过回鹘语引入它们，而回鹘语的对应词则是从吐火罗语借来的贷款;在某些情况下，蒙古人从藏语借来，在其他情况下从汉语借来。但似乎贷款并不总是纯粹的借款。仔细考察蒙古语版本的《释迦牟尼经》、《拉特纳伽利经》和《哥斯姆伽维耶卡拉那经》，我们发现其中存在着一些虚构的外来词。即根据一般的歪曲倾向，蒙古人在藏文形式的基础上产生了一些类似回鹘语的词，这些词似乎源于印度语，但实际上远非纯粹的回鹘语贷款。这一现象反映了当时蒙古人在印度语和回鹘语的强势影响下所面临的语言状况。

This project aims to clarify the linguistic situation of the Mongols during the reign of the Mongol Empire, namely from the 13th to the 14th century, in view of loanwords of various origins found in the literature of this period. We can see many borrowed forms in the works of this period, especially in the Buddhist literature. Their ultimate origin is Indic and the forms have distorted shapes, which reflects the differences of introducing routes into Mongolic, so we can tell through what paths the Mongols had borrowed them. In some cases, the Mongols introduced them by way of Uighur and in turn the Uighur equivalents were loans from Tocharian ; in some cases the Mongols borrowed them from Tibetan and in other from Chinese. But seemingly loans are not always pure borrowings. Cafeful inspection on the lines of Mongolian versions of Saddharmapundarika, Ratnajali and Gosmgavyakarana shows us the presence of fabricated loanwords ; namely, based on the Tibetan form, the Mongols had produced, according to the general tendencies of the distortions, Uighur-like words which seem to have originated from Indic but are in fact far from pure Uighur loans. This phenomenon is testimony of the linguistic situation with which the Mongols faced during the period under the overwhelming influences of Indic and Uighur.