Political-Economic Analysis of Optimal Urban Management

关于城市管理的政治-经济模型的文献的缺点是：没有讨论穷人在城市生产中的作用；没有考虑城市规模或土地限制等空间方面的问题。本研究打算克服这些缺点，将城市设置为两个阶层的居民，假设开发商作为城市的地主决定以何种水平的租金将多少土地出租给谁，以最大化租金收入。只有富人才关心粮仓环境质量，这取决于穷人与富人的比例。换句话说，富人从城市贫困人口的增加中感知到了负的邻里外部性，这种负外部性的作用是降低富人的投标租金。另一方面，富人的收入随着穷人提供的廉价劳动力数量的增加而增加，因此富人的出价租金变得更高。因此，从富人的角度来看，存在一个最优的人口构成，使得两个阶层都居住在一个城市里。在比较静态分析中，利益是负邻外部性程度增加的结果。分析表明，当贫困人口构成比例较高时，由于贫困人口密度过高而导致的城市环境劣化率的增加，可能会导致贫困人口密度的增加，从而进一步恶化城市环境。为了避免城市环境的进一步恶化，无论是中央还是地方政府，都应该提供更好的公共住房，改善城市交通系统，提供足够的开放空间，并促进教育和公共卫生项目。

The shortcomings of the literature on political-economic model of urban management are that ; the role of the poor in urban production is not discussed ; spatial aspects such as city size or land constraints are not taken into consideration the present research intends to overcome those drawbacks, Setting a city with residents of two classes, it is hypothesized that developers as landowmers in a city decide how much land is renteal to whom at what level of rent so as to maximize rental revenue. Only rich people are concerned with urbarn enrvironment quality which depends on the ratio of the number of the poor to that of the richi in other words, the rich perceive the negative neighborhood externality from increased number of the poor in a city, This negative externality works to denease the bid-rent of the rich. On the other hand, the income of the rich increases with the amount of cheap labor supplied by the poor and thereby the bid-rent of the rich becomes higher. Therefore, from the viewpoint of the rich, There exists an optimal population composition such that both classes reside, in a city. Among the comparative static analyzes, of interest is the result of an increase in the extent of negative neighborhood externality. The analysis shows that when the poor's composition rate is high, an increase in the deteriaration rate of urban environment due to the high density of the poor might lead to increasing of the poor's density, thereby furthering urban environmental deterioration as a result. In order to avoid farther deterioration of unban environment, government, whether central or local, should provide better public housing, improve urban transportation systems, presrve sufficient open spaces, and promote education and public health programs.