A Historical-geografical Study on Fields in Japan chiefly in the Ancient Times and the Middle Ages

本研究的目的是弄清日本古代和中世纪耕种的各种田地的数字，并进一步推进以生产力差异为重点的田地调查。现将目前已澄清的问题归纳如下：认为能幡和相幡的生产力差异的认识是在平安时代中期作出的。虽然古代的历史资料很少被发现，那些后中世纪仍然完好无损。据判断，野幡和山幡不仅从古代和中世纪一直存在，而且一直存在到近代以后。此外，据认为，在中世纪早期，镰仓幕府充分认识到野幡和山幡的重要性，并正式承认其存在。武士阶级和贵族也是如此，此外，寺庙和神社的人和农民也是如此。与野幡和山幡有关的历史资料广泛保存，从东北地区蔓延到九州地区。据认为，野幡和山幡是在日本各地栽培的。野幡和山幡都是沿着河流两岸种植的，而且是在城市地区种植的，更不用说关东和九州地区了。虽然野幡和山幡的生产力较低，但它的大小是官方测量的，并根据生产力的比例征收较低的税。作为夏季的农产品，主要种植谷子、稗子、高地、大豆、红豆、桑树、亚麻等，作为冬小麦的主要作物。

The purpose of this study is to clarify various figures of fields which were cultivated in the Japanese ancient times and the Middle Ages and to further advance the investigation of fields focusing on the defference of their productivity. The things which have been clarified so far are summed up as follows.It is considered that the recognition of Nohata and Ymahata with the difference of its productivity was made in the mid-Heian period. Though ancient historical materials are seldom to be found, those of the post-Middle Ages remain intact. It is judge that Nohata and Yamahata continued to exist not only from the ancient times and the Middle Ages but also to the period after the early modern times. Also, it is thought that in the earlier Middle Ages, Kamakura-bakufu fully understood the importance of Nohata and Yamahata, and recognized its existence officially. It is also true of samurai class and the nobility, and in addition, the people of temples and shrines and farmers.The historical materials which are related to Nohata and Yamahata widely remain, spreading from the Tohoku district to the Kyushu district. It is considered that Nohata and Yamahata were cultivatid in various places of Japan. The Nohata and Yamahata were cultivated along the banks of rivers and moreover in the city areas, not to mention those which existed in the Kanto and the Kyushu district.Although the productivity of Nohata and Yamahata was inferior, its size was officially measured and a lower tax was imposed in proportion to the productivity. As agricultural products in summer, millets, barnyard millets, upland rice plants, soybeans, red beans, mulberries, flax, and so forth were grown and as those in winter wheat was mainly raised.