CHINESE HIGHER EDUCATION UNDER A MARKET ECONOMY : FROM CENTRAL CONTROL TO INSTITUTIONAL AUTONOMY

二十年前，中国的高等教育制度深深植根于社会主义社会经济之中。自20世纪70年代末以来，随着计划经济体制向市场经济体制的转变，中国的高等教育体制发生了根本性的改革。然而，由于市场经济道路的曲折，高等教育改革的进程并不总是一帆风顺的，中国是如何奋斗的呢？在这二十年里，这项政策是如何演变的？这一系列政策背后的主要问题是什么？在这份报告中，对中国二十年来的高等教育政策进行了简要回顾。在过去的二十年里，中国的高等教育政策和高等教育本身发展非常迅速。在这短短的时间里，中国成功地奠定了高等教育制度和…的法律基础更多的人找到了支持它的方法。现在，它正专注于提高学术水平，以提高自己的地位，并在世界经济中竞争。然而，为了实现这些目标，她必须解决一些严重的和普遍存在的问题，并重塑自己。发展一个可持续的、具有全球竞争力的高等教育体系存在几个障碍。该制度的法律框架还远远不完整。但是，更严重、更深层次的问题是融资问题。从某种意义上说，随着中国从计划经济向市场经济转型，这是支撑许多新改革的重大关键问题。增长与扩张、公平与正义感之间的平衡是非常微妙的。高等教育政策将如何应对这些巨大的问题？这仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。可以肯定的是，未来十年对中国高等教育来说将比过去二十年更加关键。在这里，第一章将描述中国高等教育体系，重点是普通高等教育和成人高等教育体系。然后分析了高等教育政策的变化。有六个市场阶段的改革已经发生。它们是(1)中国高等教育改革的设计；(2)高等教育市场机制的引入；(3)民办高等教育的发展和合法化；(4)毕业生劳动力市场的引入；(5)高等教育财政改革；(6)重大政策举措的出台。这一章将提供一个背景，讨论当前问题的性质和今后的挑战。

Twenty years ago, the higher education system in China was deeply imbedded in the socialist society and economy. With the shift from the system of the planned economy dominated by the centralized power to that of the market economy since the end of the 1970s, there have been radical reforms of higher education system in China. Yet, as there are twists and turns in the road to the market economy, the process of higher education reform has not always gone smoothly.How did China struggle with this formidable task? How did the policy evolve over the twenty-years period? What have been the major issues behind the series of policies? In this report, a brief survey of the higher education policies in China over the past twenty years. Will be undertaken to answer these questions.Higher education policy, and higher education itself, in China have evolved very rapidly in the past two decades. In this short period, China has succeeded in laying out legal foundation of higher education system and … More found ways to support it. Now, it is focusing on raising academic standards to enhanced its status and compete in the world economy. However, to achieve these goals, she must solve some serious and pervasive problems, and reinvent itself.There are several barriers to the development of a sustainable, globally competitive higher education system. Legal framework of the system is far from complete. But, the more serious and deep problem is that of financing. In a sense, this is the major critical issue underpinning many new reforms as the country proceeds from a planned to a market economy. The balance between growth and expansion on the one hand, and maintenance of equity and sense of justice on the other is very delicate.How will higher education policy respond to these enormous issues? This is still an open question. One thing certain is that next decade will be even more critical for Chinese higher education than the past two decades.Here the first chapter will described Chinese higher education system, focusing on the regular higher education and the adult higher education systems. Then analyzed the changes higher education policies. There are six market phases of reform have taken place. They are (1) the design of higher education reform in China, (2) Introduction of Market Mechanism to higher Education (3) the development and legitimization of private higher education (4) the introduction of graduate labor market, (5) financial reform of higher education, and (6) the adoption of major policy actions. The chapter will provide a context to discuss the nature of the present issues and future challenges Less