A formation of nation-state and social politics in nineteenth-century Germany

德国的社会保险，首先是疾病保险（1883年）和意外保险（1884年），可以解释为一种建立新的社会联系的尝试，这种联系能够恢复失去的和谐。社会保险制度是建立在共同发展的自治原则基础上的。Gemeinschaft（社区）是Stande（地产）和公司消失后的实际补偿。然而，Gemeinschft的定义是不同的，甚至是分组的。社会保守主义将父系社会关系定义为父系社会关系。在Gemeinschaft一组社会保守主义看到了机会，失去了地方-职业结构的家长式作风再次构建。对于另一组人来说，在国家的赞助下实现民族联邦制可以确保社会稳定。对于社会自由主义来说，联席会是实现经济和知识独立的场所。从这些角度来看，他们是工会自由的热心保护者。在工会中，他们看到了谈判的工具和在国家中产生平等的手段。1883年和1884年通过的法律是社会保守主义两派之间的政治妥协。然而，随着时间的推移，以牺牲社会保守观念为代价，对法律的自由解释获得了接受。通过他们的实践，自治成为社会自由主义的一种表现形式。这种范式的交换确定了德意志民族国家的社会生活秩序。

The social insurances in Germany, above all the sickness insurance (1883) and the accident insurance (1884) can be interpreted as an attempt to made a new social tie that is able to restore the lost harmony.Institutions of the social insurances are based on the principle of self-government that is gemeinschaftlich (communally) developed. Gemeinschaft (community) is an actual compensation after disappearance of Stande (estates) and corporation.However Gemeinschft was differently defined and even in groups. The social conservatism defined Gemeinschaft as paternal social relations. In Gemeinschaft one group of the social conservatism saw a chance, the lost local-vocational structuralized paternalism again to construct. For another group, a realization of national Gemeinschaft under a patronage of state could secure a social stableness.For the social liberalism, Gemeinschaft was a place to attain an economical and intellectual independent. From these perspectives, they were zealous protectors of a trade union' freedom. In trade unions they saw instruments of negotiations and means to produce an equivalence in a state.The laws passed 1883 and 1884 were a political compromise between the two groups of the social conservatism. In the course of time, however, a liberal interpretation of the laws is gained acceptance at sacrifice of the social conservative concepts. Through their praxis, self-government became an expression-form of the social liberalism. An exchange of the paradigm fixed an order of social life in German nation-state.