Comparative Study on Political Regime Change and Transformation of Interest Group Sector in Japan and Korea

1.自1960年以来，日本的民间社会在社团数量激增、社团类型多样化和公民参与加强等方面持续稳步地变得更加多元化。然而，其目前的结构仍然保留了发展型国家的特征，即商业部门在数量上占主导地位，官僚机构在管辖范围上占主导地位。20世纪90年代，日本的公民社会经历了一场更加以公民为导向的转型。日本的社会资本的性质似乎正在向平民化的方向转变，有趣的是，除了草根阶层的市民运动之外，还得到了旧势力和大众媒体的支持。从这个意义上说，市民社会的性质已经发生了转变，并已成熟。相比之下，朝鲜局势发生了非常剧烈和波动的变化。组织数量减少至1 ...更多信息 991，然后开始迅速攀升，在1991年至1996年期间增加了三倍。组织的组织密度也从1991年日本的三分之一增加到1996年的同一水平。东北经济区出现了非常剧烈的爆发式增长。(not其他分类，主要是公民领导的组织）和劳工类别，然后组成从显示在商业部门的至高无上的地位转变为N.E.C.组织在数量上的主导地位。韩国自1991年以来的情况似乎是革命性的，但在解释方面存在问题：它是否显示出一个协会泡沫，实质性的既定多元化或精英领导的多元化？（三）根据调查结果，笔者对民间社会组织的形成与日本民主化或政权更迭的关系作了如下假设。民间社会组织和利益团体的兴起与民主化浪潮相互交织。日本民主化的浪潮受到塞缪尔·亨廷顿所定义的民主化趋势的强烈影响。政权转移、变化或转型发生在群体形成浪潮的（停滞）低谷时期，往往发生在民间社会组织的巩固、重组和/或数量减少时期。换句话说，政权更迭是在民间社会组织数量增加之后发生的。这些变化不一定是“民主的”。少

1. Since 1960 Japan's civil society has continuously and steadily become more pluralized in terms of proliferation in the number of associations, diversification concerning types of associations, and strengthening engagement of citizens.2. However, its present configuration still retains characteristics of a developmental state, that is, supremacy of the business sector in number and domination by bureaucracies in range of jurisdiction.3. In the 1990s, Japan's civil society underwent a more citizen-oriented transformation. The nature of social capital in Japan seems to be changing toward a more civilian mode, which is supported by, interestingly, the old establishment actors and the mass media, in addition to citizen-initiated movements at the grass-roots level. In this sense the nature of the civil societyhas been transformed and has matured.B.As for Korea :1. By contrast, the Korean situation recorded very drastic and fluctuating changes. The number of organizations decreased until 1 … More 991 and then started to rapidly climb to produce a three-fold increase between 1991 and 1996. Organization density of organization also increased in number from one-third of Japan's figure in 1991 to the same level in 1996. Very drastic eruptive growth occurred in the N.E.C.(not elsewhere classified, mainly citizen-led organizations) and labor categories, and then the composition shifted from demonstrating a supremacy in the business sector to dominance by N.E.C.organizations in terms of numbers.2. Korea's situation since 1991 appears revolutionary, but it is problematic in terms of interpretation : Does it show a association-bubble, substantial well-established pluralism or an elite-led pluralism?C.Based on my survey results, I have made the following tentative hypotheses concerning the relationship between the formation of civil society organizations and democratization or regime shifts in Japan.1. The surging (increasing) waves describing the establishment of civil society organizations and interest associations co-vary with waves of democratization. Waves in Japanese democratization have been strongly affected by trends of democratization as defined by Samuel Huntington.2. Regime shifts, changes, or transformations occurred during periods of (stagnant) troughs in group formation waves, often occurring during periods of consolidation, rearrangement and/or decreases in the number of civil society organizations. In other words, regime changes followed periods of increases in numbers of civil society organizations. These changes were not necessarily "democratic". Less