The Consciousness-the science and phenomenology about it

近来人们常说，意识已成为自然科学的一个研究课题，而不再认为它是一个专属于哲学的特殊课题。事实上，我们在脑科学、认知科学或行为学领域发现了各种关于意识的假设。在这种情况下，本研究的目的首先是要弄清楚意识科学的研究存在着什么样的根本性困难，其次是要弄清楚“生态现象学”的可能性，这种“生态现象学”是对现象学关于意识的见解的有效利用。一种是唯物主义和科学主义的立场，根据这种立场，意识现象将由于脑科学的发展而减少或消除。另一种是主观的和“不可知论”的立场，根据这种立场，意识的重要特征永远无法得到解释。现象学有时被认为属于后者的立场。与这种观点相对照，从意识在主体与环境的互动过程中的特征以及身体性的“在世之在”出发，试图将意识概念从主体主义倾向中解放出来。与此同时，我试图找到另一种观点来反对意识只与大脑过程有关的唯物主义观点。为了使这种“生态现象学”更具体，我选取了各种关于颜色现象的研究作为科学观和现象学观交织的典型例子。特别有趣的是歌德和牛顿之间的争论，或者亥姆霍兹和赫林之间的争论，从中我们可以学到很多东西。

Recently it is often said that the consciousness becomes a research subject of natural sciences, and it is no more considered a peculiar subject exclusively belonging to philosophy. Indeed we find various hypotheses about consciousness in the fields of brainscience, cognitive science or ethology. In this situation, the purpose of this research is firstly to make clear what kind of fundamental difficulties there are in the studies of of sciences about consciousness and secondly to make clear the possibility of "ecological phenomenology" which makes a productive use of the phenomenological insights concerning consciousness.When it comes to the science of consciousness, there are two extreme positions. One is the materialistic and scientistic position, according to which conscious phenomena are to be reduced or eliminated because of the development of brain science. The other is the subjective and "agnostic" position, according to which the important character of consciousness can never be explained. The phenomenology is sometimes considered to belong to the latter position. In contrast to this kind of view, seeing the characteristic of consciousness in the interactional process between subject and environment and the bodily "Being in the World", I have tried to liberate the concept of consciousness from the subjectivistic tendency. At the same time I have tried to find an alternative view against the materialistic one in which consciousness is related only to the brain process. In order to make this "ecological phenomenology" more concrete, I have taken up various studies about color phenomena as a typical example in which scientific and phenomenological view are interwoven. Especially interesting is the controversy between Goehte and Newton, or Helmholtz and Hering, from which we could learn much.