Study of Japanese Coaching Schools for University Entrance Examination and for Vocational Licenses from the Viewpoint of Educational Articulation

1. 最近，进入大学的18岁年龄段的比率上升到了50%。这一增长主要取决于自1992年以来18岁人口的迅速减少。此外，在人口较少的情况下，竞争的缓解使得候选人的成功率上升。日本的高考辅导学校将业务重心从过去的毕业生转移到高中生身上。目前各辅导学校在加强考试专项培训课程的同时，也加强了对大学和职业的指导。事实上，许多学生都在焦虑，他们是否能选择最好的课程为自己或不。有些学生刚选完课程就后悔了。一般来说，课程的专业化管理太早，他们无法选择，而且许多高中不允许在毕业前改变课程。辅导学校的出现有助于解决课程专业化的失调。在目前的情况下，辅导学校几乎是那些选错课的学生恢复的唯一机会。辅导学校通常位于大城市。这些地区的高中受到辅导学校存在的影响很大，因为他们至少在准备考试方面比高中更专业。自从选修课程被引入以来，高中课程变得多样化。许多地方高中加强了他们的课程，以应付考试。另一方面，城市地区的高中没有把他们的课程投入到他们身上。城市中学有时与预科学校分担他们的工作。特训学校成立于1976年，包括职业执照预备学校。这些学派的历史可以分为三个阶段。第一阶段是起飞的时间。时间是1976-1985年。在这一时期，大学的扩张受到高等教育政策的严格控制。因此，特殊培训学校被接受为想要在城市地区学习的年轻人的大学的替代品。第二阶段是发展的时间。那是1986-1992年。这一时期，18岁人口迅速增长，大学毕业生的过剩被吸收到特殊培训学校。特殊培训学校发挥了对大学的补充作用，发展迅速。特训学校拓展的领域有信息技术、商业、社会福利等。这些都是与大学相似的领域。第三阶段是1993年的今天。同时伴随着18岁人口的减少。大学已经有足够的能力，不需要更多的帮助。尽管有许多对特殊训练学校的悲观预测，但他们将损失控制在最低限度，并保持了学生人数。少

1. The ratio of 18-age group who enter universities is recently increasing to 5O%. This growth mainly depends on the rapid decrease from 1992 of 18-age population. Besides, the easing of competition under small population made the ratio of successful candidate go up. Japanese coaching schools for the entrance examination shifted their business focus to the high school students from the past-graduates. The coaching schools are now reinforcing not only the special training courses to the testing but also the guidance to university ＆ occupation. Actually many students are in anxiety whether they could choose the best course for themselves or not. Some students regret their choice just after the course decision. Generally the course specialization are administered too early for them to choose, moreover many high school don't permit the course change until graduation. The coaching schools now contribute to solving the maladjustment on the course specialization. Under the present conditions, … More the coaching schools are almost the only chance for the students who chose wrong course to recover.2. The coaching schools are usually located in large cities. High schools in these area are influenced not a little by the existence of the coaching schools, because they are more professional than high schools at least for preparing the examination. Since the elective curriculum was introduced, high school curriculum, has become diversified. Many local high schools strengthen their curriculum, to the examination. On other hand the high schools in urban area didn't devote their curriculum to them so much. Urban high schools sometimes shared their job with preparatory schools.3. Special Training School including the preparatory school for vocational license was founded at 1976. History of these schools could be divided into three stages. The 1st stage is the time to take off. It was 1976-1985. At this period, the expansion of university was strictly controlled by the higher education policy. Therefore Special Training Schools were accepted as a substitute of university to the young who wants to learn at the urban area. The 2nd stage is the time to develop. That was 1986-1992. 18-age population was rapidly increasing in this period and the surplus applicants from university were absorbed into special training schools. Special training school took the role in complement of university and they were expanding rapidly. The fields which special training school expanded were information technology, business, social welfare and etc. Those are the similar fields as universities have. The 3rd stage is 1993- today. It was accompanied by the decreas of 18-age population. University has already had enough capacity and need no more help. Although many pessimistic predictions for the special training school were reported, they stopped their damage at minimum, and have kept the number of students as before. Less