A Comparative Industrial Organization Approach to the Nonprofit Sector

这项研究对非营利部门的发展进行了全面的产业组织分析，包括捐赠基金会、私立非营利学校、草根非政府组织、捐款和志愿服务等实体。1995年神户和日本西部发生阪神大地震后，非营利活动在普通公民以及政策制定者和研究人员中获得了极大的关注。在第一年，我们调查了非营利组织、营利性组织和公共服务提供者的角色，以及它们如何在同一市场上相互竞争。我们还调查了非营利组织的角色是如何随着时间的推移发生变化的。至于子部门，我们在第二年调查了卫生和老年护理部门，在第三年调查了文化和教育部门。我们揭示了私立学校在教育领域的角色变化，以及营利性医院在医疗保健市场中可能扮演的角色。在第四年，我们调查了各种社会服务提供者的主要组织形式，以及主要工业化国家私人非营利组织提供者的典型份额。总而言之，我们发现，非营利组织在日本以及其他发达国家和发展中国家的各种社会服务部门发挥着越来越重要的作用。这项研究的一些重要政策含义是：(A)有必要进行税收改革，以加强捐赠激励，以加强日本非营利组织的财务结构，(B)政府和非营利组织的伙伴关系将有助于更有效地提供社会服务；(C)不同所有权结构的服务提供者之间的公平竞争非常重要。

This research provides a comprehensive industrial organization analysis of the development of the nonprofit sector, encompassing such entities as grant-making foundations, private nonprofit schools, grass-root non-governmental organizations, donations and volunteering.In the aftermath of the Great Hanshin Earthquake that hit the city of Kobe and the western part of Japan in 1995, nonprofit activities have gained a great deal of attention among ordinary citizens, as well as policy makers and researchers.In the first year we investigated the roles of nonprofit, for-profit and public service providers, and how they compete one another in the same market. We also investigated how the roles of nonprofit organizations changed overtime.As for sub-sectors, we investigated health and elderly care sectors in the second year, and culture and education sectors in the third year. We shed some lights on the changing role of private schools in the education sector, and the possible roles of for-profit hospitals in the health care market.In the fourth year we investigated what the dominant organizational forms of providers of various social services are, and what typical shares of private nonprofit providers are in the major industrialized countries.In sum we founded that the nonprofit organizations have played more and more important roles in the various social service sectors in Japan as well as other developed and developing countries.Some of the important policy implications of this research are: (a) tax reforms to put stronger incentive to donate are necessary to strengthen the financial structure of the Japanese nonprofits, (b) government and nonprofit partnership would be fruitful to provide social services more efficiently, (c) fair competition among service providers with different ownership structures is quite important.