Integrated Teaching in the German Elementary School - "Sachunterricht" and Environmental Education -

“环境教育”是德国小学确立的多学科综合教学，并作为环境教育的一门主要学科。自1980年德国联邦教育部长主持的国会决议以来，环境教育一直被视为优于任何学科的教学原则。值得注意的是，学生的积极行动在教育中被确定为重要的，教育也被必要地引入教师的在职培训中，环境教育的个人和物质准备最近已经向前推进，例如，将教育的观点引入学校指导和教师的职前培训的要点，以及校外专家的进一步合作。然而，其实践并不总是令人满意的。学校的花园和生物小区没有得到充分的利用。有关教育的调查报告明确表明，在第一阶段，自然科学学科受到了很大的重视。通过多学科综合考虑、积极实践等措施，使教育质量得到极大提高。这些改进后来发展到建立“Sachunterricht。“在德国的小学里，即使是小学生也被要求非常注意环境，学习如何应对一些问题，并根据自己的责任行事。为了遵守与环境密切接触的建议，教师方面的职前和在职培训都是必不可少的，主要是基于广义上的生态研究。

The "Sachunterricht" is established as an integrated teaching across multiple subjected in German elementary school, and settled as a main subject for the environmental education. Since a decision of congress conducted by the German Federal Minister of Education (1980), the environmental education has been regarded as the principle of teaching excelled any subject. It is worth notice that the positive action of pupils is fixed as important in the education and also that the education is introduced as necessary into teachers' in-service training.The personal and material preparation for the environmental education has been recently pushed forward, for example, introduction of a standpoint of the education into the main point of school guidance and teachers' pre-service training, and further cooperation of extramural specialists. However, its practice has been not always in state of satisfaction. The school garden and biotope are not enough utilized. The report of investigation concerning the education shows definitely that the natural scientific subjects have been much emphasized at the first stage. Then, the education has been exceedingly improved in quality, by means of multiple consideration across subjects, active practice and others. These improvements has developed later to establishment the "Sachunterricht."In German elementary school, even the pupils are requested to pay much attention to the environment, to study how to meet some problems, and to act on their own responsibility. To comply with the recommendation to be in close contact with the environment, both pre-service and in-service training are essential to the teacher side, based mainly on ecological study in wide sense.