Study on the Formative Era of Modem Society in France - Women's Situation in Naturalist Novels

本研究的目的是通过阅读法国自然主义小说，特别是左拉的《麦库拉》，来审视法国现代资本主义社会中的阶级和性别问题。该系列的第八部小说《一页情话》与第七部《阿索马耶》和第九部《诺娜》形成了一种三节曲。《阿萨姆莫尔》描写的是性规范模糊的劳动阶级世界，而《爱情》描写的是保守的资产阶级，女性被限制在狭窄的家庭范围内。《诺娜》的空间是那些阶级和性别以批判的方式接触的moierrdy空间，因为它们是性交换的空间（Griselda Pollock）。左拉把这三部小说放在巴黎的不同领域，并试图在每个领域研究女性的性行为和精神疾病。该系列的第11部小说《Au Bonheur des Dames》以一家百货公司为主题，它是现代主义的主要场所。在这里，阶级也是混合在一起的，资产阶级妇女是消费者，而文字阶级妇女是店员。左拉承认，由于女店员每天都接触奢侈品，她们形成了一个介于工人阶级和资产阶级之间的中立阶级。但由于收入低，她们不得不找个情人或卖淫，因为她们离自己出售的商品很近。在交换价值超过使用价值的消费资本主义社会，一切都成为商品。小说的女主角丹尼斯拒绝了所有的诱惑，用她耐心和智慧的“女性气质”征服了守护神莫雷，代表了资本主义统治下的理想女性。她的角色似乎给它带来了一丝人性和道德。这项研究的特点是指出这些女性的主题与印象派画家如马奈、莫奈、雷诺阿或贝尔特·莫里索的主题有共同之处

The aim of this study is to examine the problem of class and gender in modem capitalist society in France, through the reading of french naturalist novels, especially Emile Zola's Les Rougon-Macquart.The eighth novel of the cycle, Une page d'amour, forms a sort of tritogy with the seventh, L'Assoamair, and the nineth, Nona. While L'Assommoir deseribes the world of labor class where the norm of sexuality is ambiguous, Une page d'amour deals with and conservative bourgeois class where the women are circumscribed within the narrow bounds of their home. The spaces of Nona is those of moierrdy where class and gender interface in critical ways, in that they are the spaces of sexual exchange (Griselda Pollock). Zola placed these three novels in different spheres of Paris and tried to examine aspects of women's sexuality and psychosisin each sphere.The eleventh novel of the cycle, Au Bonheur des Dames, features a department store, leading place of modemity. Here too, classes are mingled bourgeois ladies as consumers and wording class women as shop girls. Zola admits that te shop girls form a neutral class between working class and bourgeoisie because of their daily contact with a luxury. But low paid, they have to take a lover or to prostitute themselves, encouraged by their proximity with commodities they are selling. In the consumer capitalist society where exchange values surmounted use values, everything becomes merchandise. Denise, heroine of the novel, who declines every seduction and who conquers the patron Mouret with the only power of her patient and intelligent "femininity" represents the ideal woman under the capitalist reign. Her role seems to give a touch of humanity and morality to it.The characteristic of this study is to have remarked these women's motifs in common with those of impressionist painters like Manet, Monet, Renoir or Berthe Morisot