Making Biological Textbook and Research Work on Diurnal Rhythms of Students for New 6-Years Middle School (13-18y) System in Japan

A. 1999-2000年“日本新6年中学（13-18岁）生物教材编写”项目：该项目获得了南波希米亚大学校长Frantisek Strelecek教授和加拿大生物调查处负责人Hugh V. Danks教授作为特别顾问的宝贵意见。项目首席研究员Tetsuo HARADA博士、本山初中校长Yasuhiro YAMASITA先生和两名良北区科学教师（Sumito OKAMOTO先生和Yoshitoyo AKIYAMA先生）访问了丹麦和捷克共和国的小学和体育馆，了解了两国科学教育的情况，并与那里的科学教师就科学教育进行了讨论。2000-2001年：完成了“邀请专业研究人员到教育现场担任特邀讲师”项目：邀请8名科学家作为生物教科书的作者给灵北高中的学生讲课。学生们的反应被反馈到作者撰写的教科书章节中。在高知县灵北地区组织了多名生物研究人员的记录“自然”的聚会之旅，主要由町田教授、石川教授和原田教授定期进行记录之旅。为制作自然史书籍积累了大量的摄影和录像资料。原田教授访问了捷克共和国，并与编委会的几位科学家（M. Papacek教授、T. Soldan教授、O. Nedved教授等）就教科书项目进行了讨论。所有这些宝贵的建议和评论都被纳入原田的《日本六年制中学生物教科书详细官方规划提案》中。为了讨论这一建议，于2001年1月10日至12日在元山町和高知县举办了“日本新6年（13-18岁）生物教科书编写国际新年研讨会”（T. Harada：主席和主持科学家）。2001-2002年：根据车间协议，原田先生于2001年4月编写了样章和作者指南。2001年4月共向35位作者发出邀请函，其中包括9位国外科学家（8位捷克科学家，1位加拿大科学家）。13-18岁学生生物教科书的6本小册测试版由原田编辑。自然历史书（凉布区自然指南）的测试版由高知大学理学院町田义彦教授和石川信哥教授编辑。日本新6年制中学学生的昼夜节律研究根据流行病学对早晚性和睡眠习惯的特殊问卷调查，仅在13-25岁的日本初中至大学女生中，最近2-3年就迅速出现了向晚睡型转变的趋势。在深夜使用手机或便利店，每次使用时间超过15-20分钟，每天使用或每周使用4次以上的学生比没有使用手机或便利店的学生更有夜猫子倾向。利用活动记录仪对大学生进行的现场实验表明，使用遮光幕使四分之三的大学生睡眠-觉醒节律延迟或不清晰。博洛尼亚大学心理学系Vincenzo Natale博士对日本和意大利初中生的昼夜节律进行了国际流行病学研究。意大利的初中生睡眠时间较长，超过1个小时，而且比日本的初中生更倾向于早晨打字。作为教学科目的小册子“人类的生物节律和睡眠”（竹内瞳小姐撰写，原田T.监督）被编为测试版。在国际大会或会议上发表原创论文12篇，在国际期刊上发表原创论文8篇，在日本学术团体官方期刊上发表综述论文2篇，发表原创论文1篇，在日本学术团体年会上发表论文19篇。日本报纸报道了9条关于上述2个项目结果的新闻（《高知报》7条，《朝日新闻》1条，《共同社》1条）。少

A. Project on "Making Biological Textbook for New 6-Years Middle School (13-18y) System in Japan" 1999-2000 : The project has got invaluable comments from Prof. Frantisek Strelecek, Rector, University of South Bohemia and Prof. Hugh V. Danks, Head, Biological Survey of Canada who were invited as special advisers. Dr. Tetsuo HARADA, Chief Researcher of the project , Mr. Yasuhiro YAMASITA, Principal of Motoyama Junior High School, and the two science teachers in Reihoku District (Mr. Sumito OKAMOTO and Mr. Yoshitoyo AKIYAMA) have visited elementary schools and gymnasiums in Denmark and Czech Republic and got several information on how the science education was going on in the two countries and discussed on science education with science teachers there. Incorporating several comments and the results of discussion so far, the official planning on Making Biological Textbook has been made up by T. Harada. 2000-2001 : The project "Inviting Professional Researchers to Educational Scene as Spec … More ial Lecturers" was done : 8 scientists who were invited as authors of the biological textbook gave lectures to Reihoku senior high school students. Responses from the students were fed back to chapters of the textbook written by the authors. Get-together tour by many biological researchers to record "nature" in Reihoku District of Kochi Prefecture has been organized and regular recording tours have been done by Prof. Y. Machida, Prof. S. Ishikawa and T. Harada mainly. Camera and video recordings have been accumulated tor making natural history book. T. Harada visited Czech Republic and discussed with several scientists included in the editorial board (Prof. M. Papacek, Prof. T. Soldan, Prof. O. Nedved etc.) on the textbook project. All the invaluable advice and comments so far were incorporated to make up "Proposal of Detailed Official Planning of Biological Textbook for 6-year Middle School in Japan" by T. Harada. To discuss about the proposal, an international worksbop, "International New-Year Workshop on Making Biological Textbook for New 6 Years Middle School (13-18y) System in JAPAN" was organized, Jan. 10-12, 2001 in Motoyama-cho & Kochi (T. Harada : Chair and Host scientist). 2001-2002 : According to the agreements in the work-shop, sample chapter and guide to authors were made up by T.Harada in April, 2001. Invitation letters were sent to 35 authors including 9 scientists from abroad (8 Czech and 1 Canadian scientists) in April, 2001. Test version of six booklets of the biological textbook for the students aged 13-18yrs was edited by T. Harada. Test version of the natural history book (a nature guide of Reiboku District) was edited by Prof. Yoshihiko Machida and Prof. Shingo Ishikawa, Faculty of Science, Kochi University.B. Research Work on Diurnal Rhythms of Students for New 6-Years Middle School System in JapanAccording to the epidemiological work using a special questionmaire on morningness-eveningness and sleep habits, shiftily to evening type has been rapidly going on during the last 2-3 years only in Japanese women students attending to Junior high school to university aged 13-25ys. Students who used late in the evening mobile phone or convenience store for more than 15-20min per one use and every day or mote than 4 times per week, were more evening-typed rather than students who did not. Field experiment using actigraph system on university students has shown that using black-out curtain made sleep-wake rhythm in 3 of 4 students delayed or unclear. International epidemiological study with Dr. Vincenzo Natale, Department of Psychology, University of Bologna was done on diurnal rhythms of Japanese and Italian junior high school students. Italian junior high students sleep longer as more than 1 hour and were much more morning typed rather than Japanese ones. A booklet as teaching subject, "Biological rhythm and sleep in human "(written by Miss Hitomi Takeuchi and supervised by T. Harada) was made up as a test version.C. Publications12 original papers published to International Congresses or Meetings, 8 original papers published in international journals, 2 review papers and 1 original paper published in official journals of Japanese academic societies, 19 presentations in annual meetings in Japanese academic societies. Nine news about the results of above 2 projects were reported in Japanese news papers (7 news in The Kochi, once in The Asahi, once in Kyodo News). Less