The sharedness of social stereotypes and intergroup communication

从社会认知的角度对刻板印象和刻板印象的社会心理学研究进行了回顾，旨在为刻板印象作为共享表征的研究提供一个理论框架。然后进行了一系列的实验，以测试来自框架的假设。第一组实验研究了沟通过程中考虑到沟通伙伴的态度和信念。研究进一步表明，由于这种考虑而产生的修正的沟通对沟通者的认知表征和信念产生了反身性影响。此外，沟通者之间的信息状态的差异表现出显着的影响。第二个系列的实验调查的内容，动态对话涉及刻板印象。结果表明，关于外群体的会话中包含了更多的刻板印象不一致信息，而关于内群体的会话中包含了更多的刻板印象一致信息。集体水平的认知过程假设这些影响的基础进行了比较的研究结果的个人水平的过程。与文化共享相关的因素也在另一组研究中进行了调查。还有一组研究考察了社会群体成员之间如何形成共识。总的来说，这些研究的结果揭示了个体与集体心理过程之间的共性和差异。研究结果表明，社会表征的集体性质可以通过经验（即，实验）方法学。

Social psychological studies of stereotypes and stereotyping that have been conducted from the social cognition perspective were reviewed in order to postulate a theoretical framework for the study of stereotypes as shared representation. A series of experiments were then conducted to test hypotheses derived from the framework. The first set of experiments examined the processes in which communications take into consideration the communication partners' attitudes and beliefs. It was further demonstrated that the modified communication due to such consideration exerted reflexive effects on the communicator's cognitive representations and beliefs. In addition, differences in informational status between the communicators showed significant influences. A second series of experiments investigated the contents of dynamic conversations involving stereotypes. The results revealed that conversations about out-groups represented a greater number of stereotype-inconsistent information whereas conversations about the in-group contained more stereotype-consistent information. The collective level of cognitive processes assumed to underlie these effects were compared to the research findings about the individual level of processes. Factors relevant to cultural sharedness were also investigated in a separate set of studies. Still another set of studies examined how consensual perceptions are formed among the members of social groups. Taken together, the results from these studies revealed commonalities and discrepancies between the individual versus collective levels of psychological processes. The findings demonstrated that the collective nature of social representations can be examined through empirical (i.e., experimental) methodology.