Historical changes of the principle of the public policy and special education for people with intellectual disability: Normalization, QOL(Quality of Life), and symbiosis

本研究旨在探讨智障人士公共政策及特殊教育的三个原则；标准化、生活质量和共生关系。正常化原则是在20世纪后半叶发展起来的。这一原则是在北欧形成的，在北美得到了极大的发展。目前，这一原则被公认为世界性的普遍原则。但是，不能说对这一原则的含义有一个共同的定义，因为这一原则的解释和侧重点在不同的地区或国家是不同的。我们比较了这一原则的三种典型定义，指出了一些共同点和一些不同点，并结合日本的实际情况进行了批判性的考察。随着这一原则的局限性逐渐显现，人们开始关注生活质量原则。正常化原则追求的是去机构化，而生活质量原则重视的是个人的幸福感和满足感。这一新原则要求提高对智障人士的护理质量。同时，对个体主体性的重视也带来了一定的局限性。现在，人们正在寻找的是丰富个人与社会之间关系的原则。我们提出了“共生”的概念，作为一种具有这种可能性的新原理。共生原则是一种支持异质共存的哲学。我们特别关注马丁·布伯的“我与你”哲学。此外，这一原则与日本传统的思维方式有许多相似之处，这成为它在日本扎根的优势。

The purpose of this research is to examine three principles of the public policy and special education for people with intellectual disability; Normalization, QOL, and symbiosis. It is the latter half of 20th centuries that the principle of Normalization developed. This principle was formulated in North Europe and grew greatly in North America. At present, this principle is recognized as the worldwide universal principle. But, it can't be said that common definition is made about what this principle means, since the interpretation of the principle and an emphasis point varied in areas or nations. We compared three typical definitions of this principle, pointing some common points and some difference points, and added critical examination in the light of the Japanese present condition. As a limit of this principle became clear gradually, it came to pay attention to the principle of QOL. While the principle of Normalization pursued deinstitutionalization, the principle of QOL attaches importance to the individual well-being and the feeling of satisfaction. This new principle required enhancing the quality of the care for people with intellectual disabilities. At the same time, there were some limits which were derived from attaching importance to the individual subjectivity. Now, what is being looked for is the principle which enriches relations between the individual and the society. We proposed the concept of "symbiosis" as a new principle which has such possibility. The principle of symbiosis is a philosophy which supports the coexistence of the heterogeneous. We particularly paid attention to Martin Buber's philosophy of "I and Thou". Furthermore, this principle has many similarities with the Japanese traditional thinking styles and this becomes an advantage when it is made to take root in Japan.