Cognitive psychological studies on implicit memory for nonverbal information

本研究旨在阐明非语言信息的自动/内隐记忆。此外，我们还研究了人为错误和外部记忆的问题，因为这些问题可以被认为是日常情况下潜在的自动/内隐过程的出现。首先，我们研究了音乐信息的自动/隐式检索。利用音高和节奏两个重要因素考察了自动/内隐检索和有意/外显检索的特征。结果表明，音高和节奏对自动检索和有意检索的影响是不同的，这表明某些方面是以独立的方式进行自动加工，然后再对综合信息进行显式加工。其次，采用10分钟的简明程序，考察年龄与记忆提取的关系。参与者是40至80岁的健康成年人，没有任何严重疾病。结果表明，年龄对外显检索的影响始于50岁，对内隐检索的影响直到70岁。第三，研究了人为失误的预防方法。在日本，在驾驶火车和大型工厂的日常检查中，通常使用大声指示和呼叫的方式（Shisa-Kosho）。我们做了实验来阐明这种方法的效果。结果表明了Shisa-Kosho的有效性。此外，我们新开发的参与者提前模拟必要动作的方式，对防止人为失误也有很大的效果。这些研究表明存在不同的内隐/自动和外显/有意加工模式。此外，他们有不同年龄的影响。从应用研究的角度来看，考虑到这些不同的处理方式，可以改进防止人为错误的方法。

This study was done to elucidate automatic/implicit memory for nonverbal information. Furthermore, the issues of human error and external memory were investigated, because these issues could be considered as the emergence from the underlying automatic/implicit processes in everyday situation.First, we studied automatic/implicit retrieval of music information. Two important factors of pitch and rhythm were manipulated to examine the characteristic of automatic/implicit and intentional/explicit retrieval. The results showed that pitch and rhythm influenced differently between automatic and intentional retrieval, which suggested that some aspects were processed automatically in an independent manner followed by explicit processing of integrated information.Second, the relationship between age and memory retrieval was examined by concise procedure done in ten minutes. Participants were healthy adults aged from forties to eighties without any serious disease. The results showed that explicit retrieval was affected by age from fifties, but that implicit retrieval wasn't influenced till seventies. This study suggestsThird, the way of prevention of human error was studied. In Japan, the way of pointing and calling loudly (Shisa-Kosho) is usually used in driving train and daily checkup in large plant. We did experiments to elucidate the effect of this way. The results showed the effectiveness of Shisa-Kosho. Moreover, our newly developing way, in which participants simulate the necessary action in advance, also the large effect to prevent human error.These studies suggest there are different modes of implicit/automatic and explicit/intentional processing. Moreover, they have different influences by age. In the perspective of applied research, the way of preventing human error can be improved by taking account of these different processing modes.