Ethnic Conflicts from the Viewpoint of Comparative Politics : Its Emergence, Escalation and Expansion, Prevention, and Resolution

民族冲突特点：民族冲突一般都是旷日持久的。延期的原因有三个。首先，它来自于领导层的软弱。由于“代理”和中央与地方关系的存在，它将变得更加复杂。第二，采取游击战术，在种族冲突中使用小武器。民族冲突的产生：民族冲突的产生有两种原因。它们是潜在的和直接的原因。潜在原因和直接原因之间的关系有两种模式。贫困化和民主化与民族冲突的出现密切相关。民族冲突的升级和扩大：必须区分升级和扩大，前者是垂直维度的民族冲突增长，后者是水平维度的民族冲突增长。各方之间沟通的减少或缺乏有一个…对升级进程的更大影响。安全困境有时会起作用。民族冲突的预防：我们只能承认保持多民族性、保持国际边界不变的预防方法。典型的是联邦、联合和文化自治，但它们都有一个共同的问题，即行政效率的下降。民族冲突的解决：只有外来者才能使用解决的方法。如今，维和被频繁采用，但只能暂时冻结种族冲突。当然，为了从根本上解决种族冲突，建设和平是必要的。军事干预是以对选民负责为前提的。本课题以前南斯拉夫地区的民族冲突为个案进行分析，特别是从民族冲突的上述特点、产生、升级和扩大的角度进行分析。较少

Characteristics of Ethnic Conflict : Ethnic conflict generally tends to be protracted. There are three reasons of protraction. Firstly it comes from the weakness of leadership. It will become more complicated, because of the existence of "agency, "and center-local relations. Secondly guerilla tactics are adopted and small arms are utilized in ethnic conflict. Thirdly, the issue is concerned with identity.Emergence of Ethnic Conflict : There are two types' of causes in the emergence of ethnic conflict. They are underlying and proximate causes. There are two patterns in the relation between underlying and proximate causes. Pauperization and democratization will be closely connected with the emergence of ethnic conflict.Escalation and Expansion of Ethnic Conflict : We must distinguish between escalation and expansion, the former is the growth of ethnic conflict in vertical dimension, and the latter is one in horizontal dimension. The decrease or lack of communications among parties has an … More influence upon the process of escalation. Security dilemma sometimes functions. There are contagion and intervention in expansion.Prevention of Ethnic Conflict : We can only recognize the preventive methods which maintain multiethnicity, and keep the international border unchangingly. Typically those are federation, consociation, and cultural autonomy, but all o them have the same problem, the decrease of administrative efficiency.Resolution of Ethnic Conflict : Only outsiders can use the methods of resolution. Nowadays, peacekeeping is frequently adopted, but it can only freeze ethnic conflict temporarily. Surely peace-building is needed, in order to resolve ethnic conflict fundamentally. Military intervention is preconditioned upon the accountability for constituencies. They are also taxpayers.I analyzed the ethnic conflict in the former Yugoslavia as case study in this project, especially from the viewpoint of above-described characteristics, emergence, and escalation and expansion of ethnic conflict. Less