Chemical Ecology of Pollination Syndrome between Orchids and Fruit Flies in South East Asia

桔小实蝇(Bactrocera Dorsalis)和瓜实蝇(Bucurbitae)是为数众多的热带、亚热带水果的重要害虫。这些果蝇的雄性对植物产生的特定苯丙素类化合物有强烈的吸引力：对桔小实蝇来说是甲基丁香酚(ME)，对葫芦科小实蝇来说是树莓酮(RK)及其乙酰衍生物(CUE-LUURE)。这些引诱剂已被成功地用作大规模诱捕和在根除这些害虫的方案期间监测种群的诱饵(例如在冲绳群岛)。有趣的是，球叶兰属(兰科)的许多兰花都会产生这些果蝇引诱剂，并通过复杂的活动嘴唇机制暂时诱捕果蝇作为传粉者。Me被鉴定为Bu中花香的主要成分。奇瑞和布。Venaceum和RK是从Bu中鉴定的。腹膜。然而，在卜花香中发现了姜酮(zingerone，ZN)。Patens和Bu。贝利。锌具有ME和RK之间的杂交化学结构，使它们能够引诱更广泛的果蝇传粉者种类，无论是桔小实蝇还是葫芦科小实蝇。这些物种的雄性果蝇有效地帮助花授粉，同时，通过舔含有大量引诱物质的花组织，获得一种性信息素物质(或其前体)来吸引同种雌性。这些都是罕见的昆虫和植物之间由花同分体介导的真正互利互动的例子，在这种情况下，两种生物都通过极大地提高各自生殖系统的成功机会来获得优势。

The oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis) and melon fly (B. cucurbitae) are very destructive pest insects of numerous tropical and subtropical fruits. Males of these fruit flies (Tephritidae) are strongly attracted to specific phenylpropanoids produced by plants: methyl eugenol (ME) for B. dorsalis and raspberry ketone (RK) and its acetyl derivative (cue-lure) for B. cucurbitae. These attractants have been successfully used as baits in mass trapping and monitoring population during eradication programs for these pests (e.g. in Okinawa Islands). Interestingly, flowers of many orchid species in the genus Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) produce these fruit fly attractants and temporarily trap the flies to entice them as pollinators by elaborate movable-lip mechanism. ME was identified as the major component of floral fragrance in Bu. cheiri and Bu. vinaceum and RK was identified from Bu. apertum. Nevertheless, zingerone (ZN), was found in the floral fragrance of Bu. patens and Bu. baileyi. ZN has a hybrid chemical structure between ME and RK, enabling them to entice a wider range of fruit fly pollinator species both in the B. dorsalis and B. cucurbitae groups. The male fruit flies of these species effectively help to pollinate flowers and at the same time, by licking the floral tissues which contain substantial quantities of lure substances, obtain a sex pheromone material (or its precursor) to attract conspecific females.. These are rare examples of a true mutualistic interaction between insects and plants mediated by a floral synomone, in which both organisms obtain advantages via greatly enhancing the chances of success in their respective reproductive systems.