Molecular mechanisms of dynamic changes in memory traces

当雌性与雄性伴侣交配时，她对雄性的尿液信息素形成记忆，从而防止他的信息素引起妊娠障碍。这种记忆的神经变化发生在副嗅球（AOB），犁鼻系统中的第一个中继，依赖于交配诱导的增强AOB中的α 2-肾上腺素能传递，并涉及在二尖瓣和颗粒细胞之间的相互突触的变化。在本研究中，我们证明了催产素促进了线粒体-颗粒细胞突触长时程增强的诱导。我们建立了犁鼻感觉神经元（VSNs）与AOB神经元共培养的方法。我们的数据表明，VSNs和AOB神经元的分化和/或成熟的刺激或修改的共培养。通过研究V2 R型犁鼻受体（VR 1和VR 2）的表达和化学感觉反应在犁鼻器与AOB神经元共培养，我们表明，AOB神经元诱导犁鼻受体的VSNs的表达，使他们的function.On出生后第12天，年轻的大鼠表现出厌恶的气味，他们已经暴露沿着与介绍的足休克出生后第11天。通过在嗅球内注入蛋白磷酸酶1（PP 1）抑制剂，抑制剂-2（inhibitor-2），我们证明PP 1参与了厌恶性嗅觉学习的消退过程。我们已经表明，环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白（CREB）和它的磷酸化在OB所需的长期，但不是短期，促进过程中的嗅觉学习。CREB磷酸化已显示诱导组蛋白乙酰化。在这项研究中，我们表明，组蛋白乙酰化的OB参与了收购过程中的嗅觉学习。

When a female is mated with a male partner, she forms a memory to the urinary pheromones of the male, thereby preventing his pheromones from inducing pregnancy block. The neural changes underlying this memory occur in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), the first relay in the vomeronasal system, depend upon mating-induced enhancement of alpha2-adrenergic transmission in the AOB and involve changes at the reciprocal synapses between mitral and granule cells. In this study, we demonstrate that oxytocin facilitates the induction of long-term potentiation at the mitral-to-granule cell synapse.We have established a procedure for the co-culture of vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) with AOB neurons. Our data suggest that the differentiation and/or maturation of VSNs and AOB neurons are both stimulated or modified by the co-culture. By examining the expression of V2R-type vomeronasal receptors (VR1 and VR2) and chemosensory responsiveness in the vomeronasal organ cocultured with AOB neurons, we demonstrate that AOB neurons induce the expression of vomeronasal receptors in VSNs, allowing them to function.On postnatal day 12, young rats show an aversion to an odour to which they had been exposed along with presentations of foot shock on postnatal day 11. By infusing the protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) inhibitor, inhibitor-2 into the olfactory bulb (OB) during odour-shock training, we demonstrate that PP1 is involved in the extinction process of aversive olfactory learning. We have shown that cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) and its phosphorylation in the OB are required for the long-term, but not the short-term, facilitation process of this olfactory learning. CREB phosphorylation has been shown to induce histone acetylation. In this study, we demonstrate that histone acetylation in the OB is involved in the acquisition process of this olfactory learning.