Comparative Philosophical Considerations on Justice and Human Rights

许多知识领域都非常重视正义和人权的概念。然而，在全球政治和多元文化的实际情况下，这两个概念并没有得到足够的明确。此外，这些概念重组的方向仍然不明确。在此背景下，我们提出了对“正义”与“人权”的比较研究。这项研究的目的如下：首先，我们将正义的概念及其周围的环境分为几类。接下来，我们从多元文化的角度明确了正义和人权概念的含义。最后，我们试图展示这些概念重构的方向性。本研究由中国、日本、古希腊和伊斯兰思想的研究者以及现代西方思想的研究者共同组织。在这三年里，我们举办了七次综合研讨会。在这些研讨会上， ...更多信息 该委员会成员报告了正义概念在其研究领域的含义，随后进行了讨论。此外，我们还对所谓人权的普遍性进行了批判性的审查，通过这些报告和讨论所取得的成果可以概括如下：当然，为了促进不同文化和政治制度的人们之间关于正义的对话，明确“正义概念的理想性或超验性”是很重要的。然而，我们认为，更重要的是研究特定社会中正义以外的一些观念，并考虑它们与该社会正义的关系。例如，我们考虑了古希腊、西方阿拉伯、古代中国和日本文化中正义一词的不同含义。根据这些考虑，澄清了以下问题。为了理解正义和文化间对话，我们还必须首先研究情感因素。这些情感是与以“理性”为界的“正义”相对立的，包括爱、怜悯、同情、愤怒、屈辱、不平等情感，并阐明了无论我们如何用西方现代方式确定正义概念，如“人权”概念，这种确定总是伴随着实现“福祉”的不完全性和不充分性。在许多情况下，正是情感因素告诉我们这种不充分或不完整。关注这些因素，为在不同文化中就正义概念进行对话开辟了道路。少

Many fields of knowledge place much importance on the concept of justice and human rights. However, in the actual global political and multicultural situation, these two concepts are not made sufficiently clear. Furthermore the directionality of the restructuring of these concepts is still not definite. Against the background of these circumstances, we projected a comparative research on "Justice" and Human rights". The purpose of this research was the following.Primarily we organized concepts of justice and the circumstances surrounding them into several categories. Next, we made the meaning of the concepts of justice and human rights clear from a multicultural point of view. And lastly, we attempted to show the directionality of the restructuring of these concepts.This research was organized by researchers of Chinese, Japanese, ancient Greek and Islam thought in addition to researchers of modern western ideas. In these 3 years, we've held seven general seminars. In these seminars, ea … More ch member reported the meaning of the concept of justice in their research area and this report was followed by a discussion. Moreover, we reviewed critically the so-called universality of human rights.The results we obtained through these reports and discussions can be summarized as followsOf course in order to promote dialogue about justice between people of different cultures and political systems, it is important to make the "ideal or transcendental character of the concept of justice" clear. We believe, however, that it is even more important to research some ideas other than justice in a given society and consider the relationship they have with justice in that society.For example, we considered the different meanings of the words for justice in the ancient Greek, western Arabic, ancient Chinese and Japanese cultures. From these considerations, the following was clarified. To understand justice and for intercultural dialogue, above all, we must also research about emotional elements. These are on the opposite side of "the justice" demarcated by "the reason", and include such emotions as love, mercy, sympathy, rage, mortification, and feeling of injustice.It was also clarified that no matter how we determine the concept of justice in the modern western way like the concept "the human rights", this determination will always accompany an incompleteness and insufficiency to realize the "well-being". In many cases, it is the emotional element that tells about this insufficiency or incompleteness. To pay attention to such elements opens the roads to carry on dialogues about the concept of justice in various cultures. Less