How Have the Social and Economic Change Affected the Developmental Viewpoints? :Socio-historical comparison of the developmental viewpoints in school texts

本研究对1960年和2000年出版的4个亚洲国家(日本、韩国、中国、台湾)和3个欧洲国家(英国、德国和法国)的小学语文教科书中提出的发展观进行了跨文化和历时的比较，从家庭理想、性别角色观、父母角色观和什么是好孩子的理想四个方面进行了比较。此外，我们还检查了比较结果与社会制度、经济状况和应对出生率下降措施的关系。我们还对东亚四个国家的近十岁至80岁的老年人进行了问卷调查，内容包括对父母角色的看法、对性别角色的看法和对儿童保育的看法。然后，最后，我们汇编了关于教科书中作为理想的发展观与通过问卷调查结果获得的实际发展观以及社会和经济地位对每一代人的影响之间的关系的信息。研究结果总结如下：1.与中国和台湾以及前东德和西德一样，虽然使用几乎相同的语言，但如果社会制度不同，对父母角色和性别角色的看法也会有所不同。对父母角色、性别角色和育儿的看法有几代人不同的趋势，但关于个人关系和行为的“好孩子”的理想不太可能改变。从发放的问卷中发现，对父母角色的实际看法和对儿童保育的看法与社会和经济稳定以及应对出生率下降的措施有关。这四个东亚国家的一个相似之处是，对于30岁的这一代人来说，价值观发生了重大转变。

In this project we carried out cross-cultural and diachronic comparisons on the developmental viewpoints put forth in elementary school language textbooks published in 1960 and 2000 in 4 Asian countries (Japan, Korea, China, Taiwan) and 3 European countries (Britain, Germany and France) based on their presentation of family ideals, views on gender roles, views on parental roles and ideals of what determines a "good child". In addition we examined the relation of the results of the comparisons to social systems, economic conditions and measures to counter falling birthrates. We also carried out a questionnaire survey for late teens to 80 year olds in the 4 Eastern Asian countries on views on parental roles, views on gender roles, and views on childcare. Then, finally we compiled information on the relationships between the developmental views presented as ideals in the textbooks, the actual developmental views obtained through the questionnaire results, and the effects of societal and economic status on each generation. A summary of the research results follows:1. Like in China and Taiwan, and in the former Eastern and Western Germany, although an almost identical language is used, if the social system is different, the views on parental and gender roles also differ.2. There is a tendency for views on parental roles, gender roles and childcare to differ among generations, however the ideal of the "good child" in regards to personal relationships and behavior was unlikely to change.3. From the questionnaires issued it was found that actual views on parental roles and views on childcare were related to social and economic stability and measures to counter falling birthrates. One similarity between the 4 Eastern Asian countries is a large shift in values for the 30-year-old generation.