The Study of Economic Efficiency and Traditional Custom of Chinese Farm Household's Behavior based on the New Institutional Economics Methods: How should they deal with WTO system?

我们分别于2004年在山东、2005年在辽宁、2006年在湖北和2007年在北京进行了乡村调查。每个省选取3个村庄进行研究。在每个村庄对30名农民进行了访谈，了解多种交易的经济和习惯行为。通过对上述方法收集到的农户微观数据进行计量分析，发现了以下几点新的事实。即使在今天，中国农村的经济交易也是在没有任何司法第三方的情况下自行执行的，这种交易被称为习惯嵌入式交易。中国农村传统制度的特点是基于送礼的社会网络裙带关系。赠送裙带关系的广义属性表现为：(1)采用个人关联交易，因为亲密的关系可以节省送礼成本。(2)在传统的互惠农业中，礼物是平等交换的，因此交易是双边的。在阶层分明的非农业部门，赠送礼物是向高收入男子提供所需帮助的信号。(3)送礼裙带关系基本上只支持供需关系。但它也支持供应商之间或需求之间的有效竞争关系，因为它采用了以竞争次优为威胁点的议价策略。通过收集到的微观数据对这些特征进行了如下检验。(1)在农村地区，个人关联交易仍然存在。(2)礼物是农民之间的交换，与农业部门的利润无关。然而，在非农业部门，礼品支付被用作信号，并在统计上显著地促进了利润的产生。(3)即使在赠与裙带关系仍然存在的地租市场中，土地边际生产力的价值等于地租支付，即竞争实际上是有效的。少

We conducted village surveys of Shandong in 2004, Liaoning in 2005, Hubei in2006 and Beijing in 2007 respectively. 3 villages were selected for research in each province. 30farmers were interviewed in each village about economic and customary behavior of many kinds of transactions. We analyzed econometrically the micro data of farmers that were collected by above mentioned way and clarified the new facts as follows.Even nowadays, economic transaction of rural China is self-enfoceable without any judiciary third party, which is called as transaction embedded in customary way. Rural China's customary institution is characterized as socially networked nepotism based on gift giving. The generalized attributes of gift giving nepotism are characterized as follows. (1) Personally related transaction is adopted, because the close relationship can save the gift giving cost. (2) In the traditional reciprocal agriculture sector, the gifts are exchanged equally, so that the transactions are bilate … More ral and not related to the profits. In the stratified non-agriculture sector, the gift is presented as the signal of needed help towards high income powered man. (3) The gift giving nepotism basically supports only the supplier-demander relationship. But it also supports the efficient competition relationship among suppliers or among demanders, because the bargaining strategies using the competitive second best as threat points are adopted.These characters are tested by the collected micro data as follows.(1) The fact that personally related transactions are still utilized in rural area is observed. (2) The gifts are exchanged among farmers and not related the profit in agricultural sector. In non-agriculture sector, however, the gift payments are used as signal and statistically significantly contributed to the profit making. (3) Even in the land rent market where the gift giving nepotism is still used, the value of marginal productivity of land is equal to rent payment, that is, the competition is actually efficient. Less