Reconsideration of the Deviant Studies of Chicago Sociology

本文旨在通过对芝加哥学派的一些专著的重新思考来构建越轨理论。主要议题是移民和越轨行为，城市社区和犯罪，以及商业犯罪。这些问题都可以从社会解体理论的角度来研究。从这一理论中，以下几点已经变得清晰。1.任何越轨行为都是在社会世界的解体和重组的洪流中出现的.社会解体集中在城市区域的某些地方。这一趋势与城市化、工业化和市场社会的发展等宏观社会过程有关，也与公共住房政策和领线将穷人和离经叛道者隔离到特定区域等政治过程有关。在混乱的地区和商业世界中，没有共同的价值观和规范。我们也无法在那里找到积极的社会控制。生活在社会解体世界中的行动者经常面临日常生活或功能困难的问题。当他们面对困难时，他们试图处理这种情况，碰巧发现越轨行为是解决问题的简单有效的手段。一旦它被证明是真实的，越轨行为被纳入他们的社会生活。要使越轨者的生命得以延续，就必须构建起紧密的社会网络和有利的法律条件。在做非法生意的情况下，不仅要建立政治家、控制者和越轨者之间的腐败关系，而且要与越轨世界的对手保持合作，这一点尤为重要。当违法行为并没有给行为人带来比法律的行为更大的影响时，或者当网络不能很好地工作时，大多数行为人会停止越轨行为。

The purpose of this paper is to construct the deviant theory by reconsidering some monographs of the Chicago School. Main topics are immigration and deviance, urban community and delinquency, and crime for business. These topics can be studied from the perspective of social disorganization theory. From this theory, the following points have become clear.1. Any deviance appears in the streams of disorganization and reorganization of social world.2. Social disorganization concentrates on some places of urban district. This trend is related to macro social processes which include not only urbanization, industrialization and development of market society, but also political process such as the segregation of the poor and deviant to specific area through public housing policy and collar-line.3. In disorganized areas and business worlds, there are no common values and norms. We also cannot find the active social control there. Actors who live in the social disorganization world often face the problematic situation of everyday life or functional difficulties.4. When they face the difficulties, they try to deal with the situations and happen to find that deviant behavior is easy and efficient means to solve the problems. Once it is proved to be real, deviance is incorporated in their social life.5. To continue the deviant life, it is necessary to construct the social close network and a favorable law conditions. In the case of doing illegal businesses, it is particularly important not only to establish the corruptive relationship among politician, controller and deviant, but also to keep cooperating with rivals of deviant world.6. When illegal behaviors do not bring more effects to actor than legal behavior does, or where the network does not work well, most actors will stop deviant behavior.