A Nationwide Case-Control Study of Firearm Violence Prevention Tactics and Policies in K-12 Schools

项目摘要/摘要 在美国，K-12学校的枪支暴力是一个持续的公共健康威胁。这些因素的负面影响 儿童和学校教职员工的悲剧意义重大。全校范围内的努力(例如金属探测器、活跃的枪手 演习、武装学校人员和其他24人)，以提高安全和缓解恐惧正在广泛进行 在全美公立K-12学校实施。然而，这些策略中的大多数在以下方面的有效性 对校园枪击事件的威慑从未经过科学测试。此外，学区可能会不同地使用 这些策略基于与学校安全无关的因素，包括作为一种管教学生的手段。 这些非同寻常的证据差距尤为显著，因为美国K-12公立学校系统 目前为大约5100万名儿童提供服务。拟议的研究小组已经进行了大量的试验 以及初步研究，证明了这里提出的更大规模研究的可行性。它的广泛目标是 对具体的学校安全策略和政策及其潜在影响进行第一次全国性研究 美国K-12公立学校发生校园枪击事件和学生纪律处分 具体目标将完成：(1)确定安全策略的总数和具体类型 政策与K-12公立学校发生的蓄意枪击事件有关；(2)确定 安全策略和政策的总数和具体类型与暂停和 K-12公立学校的驱逐令；以及(3)确定城市/非城市、经济和种族差距是否在 新冠肺炎大流行前后存在的效应修正关系分析 在执行安全策略和政策、停职和驱逐以及蓄意枪击事件之间 在K-12公立学校。这将通过一个具有全国代表性、以人口为基础的案例来实现-- 一项对照研究，比较了数百所经历过校园枪击事件的案例学校和随机 使用流行病学发病率密度选择没有经历过此类事件的对照学校 抽样时间为九年(n=658)。案件数据将主要通过联邦应急管理局资助的海军 研究生院K-12学校射击数据库。记录和公开报告的其他数据库 校园枪击事件将联系起来，协调一致。一所对照学校将从 国家教育统计中心的全国公立K-12学校数据库，并与每个学校相匹配 案例学校基于州立、城市/非城市和小学/初中/高中的状况。公众可访问 将使用学校安全计划和多个可公开获得的次要数据来源来确定 在每个病例学校之前的学年，病例学校和对照学校都制定了安全策略 射击比赛。这些数据将与停学和开除的数据相联系，这些数据来自 国家民权数据收集网站。结果将为学校政策和做法提供新的信息，以减少 枪支暴力，并促进不同的K-12学校社区所有儿童的健康体验。

Project Summary/Abstract Firearm violence in K-12 schools is a persistent public health threat in the US. The negative impact of these tragedies on children and school staff is significant. School-wide efforts (e.g. metal detectors, active shooter drills, armed school personnel, and two dozen others) to improve safety and assuage fears are being widely implemented in public K-12 schools across the US. Yet, the effectiveness of most of these strategies at deterring school shootings has never been scientifically tested. Moreover, school districts may differentially use these strategies based on factors unrelated to school safety, including as a means to discipline students. These extraordinary gaps in evidence are particularly significant, as the U.S. K-12 public school system currently serves an estimated 51 million children. The proposed research team has conducted substantial pilot and preliminary research demonstrating the feasibility of the larger study proposed here. Its broad objective is to conduct the first nationwide study of specific school safety tactics and policies and their potential impact on school shootings and student disciplinary actions across K-12 public schools in the U.S. Given this, three specific aims will be completed: (1) to determine if the total number and specific types of safety tactics and policies are associated with the occurrence of intentional shootings in K-12 public schools; (2) to determine if the total number and specific types of safety tactics and policies are associated with suspension and expulsions in K-12 public schools; and (3) to identify if urban/non-urban, economic, and racial disparities prior to and following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic exist in effect modification analyses of the relationships between implementation of safety tactics and policies, suspensions and expulsions, and intentional shootings in K-12 public schools. This will be accomplished through a nationally representative, population-based, case- control study comparing hundreds of case schools that have experienced a school shooting and randomly selected control schools that have not experienced such an event using epidemiological incidence density sampling over a nine-year period (n = 658). Case data will be ascertained primarily via the FEMA-funded Naval Postgraduate School K–12 School Shooting database. Additional databases that record and publicly report school shooting incidents will be linked and harmonized. One control school will be randomly selected from a national database of public K–12 schools at the National Center for Education Statistics and matched to each case school based on state, urban/nonurban, and elementary/middle/high school status. Publicly accessible school safety plans and multiple publicly available secondary sources of data will be used to determine the safety strategies in place at both case and control schools during the school year before each case school’s shooting event. These data will be linked to data on school suspensions and expulsions, obtained from the national Civil Rights Data Collection website. Results will newly inform school policies and practices to reduce gun violence and promote healthy experiences for all children across disparate K-12 school communities.