A Nationwide Case-Control Study of Firearm Violence Prevention Tactics and Policies in K-12 Schools

项目总结/摘要 大规模暴力，特别是涉及学校枪击事件的大规模暴力，是一个重大而持久的公共卫生问题， 美国的威胁。这些悲剧对民族精神和公民个人的负面影响， 他们是否直接参与了这些枪击事件，是公众最关心的问题，特别是对儿童来说。 改善学校安全和减轻恐惧的策略和政策正在实施，但尚未得到实施。 经过科学测试，可能会产生意想不到的后果。此外，健康方面的差距可能正在扩大， 学区根据与学校安全无关的因素，不同地使用这些策略和政策， 包括学校的人口统计和纪律处分，如停学和开除。拟议 研究小组已就暴力和学校健康问题进行了大量的前期研究，并进行了一个试点案例， 学校安全策略和政策的控制研究，以防止主动射击，证明了一个可行性， 更大的研究。有鉴于此，拟议研究的主要目标是进行第一次全国性研究， 学校安全策略和政策（例如，金属探测器、上锁的入口和教室、学校资源 军官，积极的射手训练，恐慌按钮等）及其对积极射击的潜在影响， 美国不同类型学校的学生纪律处分。在追求这一目标的过程中， 目标将完成：（1）确定安全策略和政策的总数和具体类型是否 （2）确定学校枪击事件的总数和具体数量， 安全策略和政策的类型与学校的停学和开除有关;（3）确定是否 城市/非城市、经济和种族差异存在于安全策略和政策的实施之间， 停学和开除以及校园枪击事件。这将通过一个全国性的 一项具有代表性的、基于人群的病例对照研究，比较了数百所经历过 积极的射击和随机选择的对照学校，没有经历过这样的事件，使用一个 在二十年的研究期间，采用流行病学常见发病率密度抽样技术。案例学校 将通过五个完善的国家数据库加以确定，这些数据库将相互联系和协调， 美国K-12学校经历了活跃的大规模枪击事件或企图大规模枪击事件。四所对照学校 将从所有美国K-12学校的两个国家数据库中随机选择，并与每个案例进行匹配 根据州、城市/非城市和小学/初中/高中的情况确定学校。学校安全计划， 主要调查和实地访问将用于确定在案件和控制方面的战术和政策 学校目前和学年期间，每个案件学校的积极射击事件，并联系到 关于停学和开除的数据。其他学校、社区和当地协变量也将被 在条件Logistic回归模型中占了很大比例。结果将为学校政策和实践提供新的信息 减少大规模暴力，促进不同社区儿童的健康体验。

Project Summary/Abstract Mass violence, especially involving active shootings in schools, is a significant and persistent public health threat in the US. The negative impact of these tragedies on the national psyche and individual citizens, whether they are directly involved in these shootings or not, is a top public concern, particularly for children. Tactics and policies to improve school safety and assuage fears are being implemented, but have not been scientifically tested and may have unintended consequences. Moreover, health disparities may be growing as school districts differentially use these tactics and policies based on factors unrelated to school safety, including school demographics and disciplinary actions such as suspensions and expulsions. The proposed research team has conducted substantial prior research on violence and school health as well as a pilot case- control study of school safety tactics and policies to prevent active shootings, demonstrating the feasibility of a larger study. Given this, the broad objective of the proposed study is to conduct the first nationwide study of school safety tactics and policies (e.g., metal detectors, locked entrances and classrooms, school resource officers, active shooter trainings, panic buttons, and others) and their potential impact on active shootings and student disciplinary action across disparate types of schools in the US. In pursuing this, three key specific aims will be completed: (1) to determine if the total number and specific types of safety tactics and policies are associated with the occurrence of active shootings in schools; (2) to determine if the total number and specific types of safety tactics and policies are associated with suspensions and expulsions in schools; (3) to identify if urban/non-urban, economic, and racial disparities exist between implementation of safety tactics and policies, suspensions and expulsions, and active shootings in schools. This will be accomplished through a nationally representative, population-based, case-control study comparing hundreds of case schools that experienced active shootings and randomly selected control schools that have not experienced such events using a common epidemiological incidence density sampling technique over a two-decade study period. Case schools will be ascertained via five well-established national databases that will be linked and harmonized to detail all US K–12 schools that experienced active mass shootings or attempted mass shootings. Four control schools will be randomly selected from two national databases of all US K–12 schools and matched to each case school based on state, urban/non-urban, and elementary/middle/high school status. School safety plans, principal surveys, and field visits will be used to determine tactics and policies in place at both case and control schools currently and during the school year before each case school's active shooting event and linked to data on school suspensions and expulsions. Other school, neighborhood, and local covariates will also be accounted for in conditional logistic regression models. Results will newly inform school policies and practices to reduce mass violence and promote healthy experiences for children across disparate communities.