PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS OF DRUGS OF ABUSE IN HAIR

不同人群的药物滥用情况差别很大， 社会是巨大的。 正确诊断虐待是关键的第一步 解决吸毒者的问题 传统上，最客观的 确定吸毒的标准是尿检。 相比 尿检只能检测几天到一周的药物， 测试提供了检测药物使用的可能性， 发生在几个月内。 各种各样的药物 在头发中检测到的毒品包括鸦片，可卡因，安非他明， 大麻素类、苯环利定、苯二氮卓类和巴比妥类。 以来 头发平均每月生长1.0-1.5厘米，分析 毛发片段的药物含量可以揭示历史药物使用 可以追溯到几个月到几年前 在解释时需要谨慎 然而，由于环境污染， 头发可能会发生。 一个没有吸毒的人，但在附近， 可卡因“快克”吸食者可能被浓缩的可卡因污染， 从大气层中。 环境污染与 实际使用毒品可能是有问题的。 此外，还可能存在种族歧视。 头发测试中的偏见 深色头发似乎保留更多 药物浓度比浅色头发。 因此，种族 黑色头发占主导地位可能会表现出更高的阳性率， 比那些头发浅的人要多。 有许多潜在的应用， 法医毒理学中的头发测试和研究人员刚刚开始 了解其优势和劣势。 头发测试目前正在 试图解决重要药理学问题的研究 关于其检测活跃药物使用的有效性。 体内和体外 正在进行研究以确定剂量浓度是否 给药与浓度之间存在相关性， 头发 此外，还讨论了在不同的时间段内， 正在研究头发中的药物。 正在进行体外结合研究， 以确定药物沉积的机制。 目前， 似乎黑色素，头发中的色素， 毛发中药物沉积量的关系 这一发现表明 一个强烈的颜色偏见可能存在时，头发被用作标本， 药检

Drug abuse in different populations varies substantially and the costs to society is immense. Correct diagnosis of abuse is a key first step in dealing with drug users' problems. Traditionally, the most objective criteria for identifying drug use is urine drug testing. In contrast to urine testing which detects drugs only for several days to a week, hair testing offers the possibility of detecting drug use that could have occurred within a period of several months. A wide variety of drugs have been detected in hair including opiates, cocaine, amphetamines, cannabinoids, phencyclidine, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates. Since hair grows at an average rate of 1.0-1.5 centimeters per month, analysis of segments of hair for drug content can reveal historical drug use dating back months to years. Some caution is necessary in interpretation of positive hair test results, however, since environmental contamination of hair can occur. A person who is drug-free, but in close vicinity to a cocaine "crack" smoker could be contaminated with cocaine condensed from the atmosphere. Differentiation of environmental contamination from actual drug-use can be problematical. In addition, there may be ethnic bias in hair testing. Darker colored hair appears to retain greater concentrations of drug than lighter colored hair. Consequently, races with predominantly black hair may exhibit a higher rate of positivity than those with lighter hair. There are many potential applications of hair testing in forensic toxicology and researchers have just begun to understand its strengths and weaknesses. Hair testing is currently under study in an attempt to resolve important pharmacologic questions regarding its validity to detect active drug use. In vivo and in vitro studies are being conducted to determine if a dose-concentration relationship exists between drug administration and concentration in hair. In addition, the time course of appearance and disappearance of drug in hair is being studied. In vitro binding studies are being conducted to determine the mechanism(s) of drug deposition. Currently, it appears that melanin, the color pigment in hair, has a major influence on the amount of drug deposition found in hair. This finding suggests that a strong color bias may exist when hair is used as a specimen for drug testing.