EEG STUDIES OF DISABLED READERS

在三年的时间里，我们将研究100名残疾读者和50名残疾读者 正常 读者。每组的孩子年龄在8岁到10岁之间。 这个 残疾读者将从两个方面进行细分，音标 分析技能和连续命名速度，理论上是 成为 阅读/拼写障碍的两个主要弱点(Bowers & 沃尔夫，1993)。子女的选择将基于以下几点 标准化 成绩考试成绩，一切都将在正常范围内 智慧。语音和正字法的附加测试 分析 将管理技能和快速命名，以提供并发 验证数据。 该项目的核心将是与事件相关的潜力 (企业资源规划) 要求孩子们在学习期间做好准备的研究 押韵 判断和词汇决定。三个ERP组件包括 重大 兴趣：(1)N400组件的目标词，这是 对以下内容敏感 语音启动；(2)N150-P200复合体，在枕叶 场址 对拼写效果(即实词和伪词)敏感 与 辅音字符串)；以及(3)预期的慢波 先于 启动任务中的目标词。它的大小和潜伏期 企业资源计划 将分析组件以及误差和反应时间 措施。 此外，受试者的脑电功率谱也将在 寂静无声 口语朗读单词串。主要定量脑电差异 也是 由于性能差异(外部验证)是假设的， 在残障亚群之间，以及在所有贫困读者和正常读者之间 读者。 总体而言，预计最有残疾的读者将是那些 祝你有一天 在语音分析和命名速度方面存在双重缺陷。越多 严重语音障碍的儿童不会表现出 对视觉单词进行一致的语音启动。听觉 音系学 如果在这些儿童中发现启动，预计会有更多 突出表现在 右半球多于左半球，与正常读者相反。 从语音上讲 有缺陷的儿童(无论他们是否有迟钝的名字)不会被认为 显示 因为左枕区持续的早期激活( 所谓的 视觉词形系统；Posner&Raichle，1994)。缓慢的命名方式是 预计会有较慢的反应时间，较慢的N150和 N400 组件，以及衰减的ERP预期组件。

Over a 3-year period, we will study 100 disabled readers and 50 normal readers. The children in each group will be 8 to 10 years old. The disabled readers will be subdivided on two dimensions, phonological analysis skill and continuous naming speed which are theorized to be the two major weaknesses underlying reading/spelling disability (Bowers & Wolf, 1993). The children will be selected on the basis of standardized achievement test scores, and all will be within the normal range of intelligence. Additional tests of phonologic and orthographic analysis skill and rapid naming will be administered to provide concurrent validation data. The centerpiece of the project will be event-related potential (ERP) studies during which the children will be required to make primed rhyme judgements and lexical decisions. Three ERP components are of major interest: (1) the N400 component to target words, which is sensitive to phonological priming; (2) the N150-P200 complex, which at occipital sites is sensitive to orthographic effects (i.e., real and pseudowords versus consonant strings); and (3) the anticipatory slow wave that precedes target words in priming tasks. Both the magnitude and latency of the ERP components will be analyzed, as well as error and reaction time measures. Also to be studied are the subjects' EEG power spectra during silent and oral reading of word strings. Major quantitative EEG differences as well as performance differences (external validation) are hypothesized, between disabled subgroups and between all poor readers and normal readers. Overall, the most disabled readers are predicted to be those who have a double deficit in phonological analysis and naming speed. The more severely phonetically impaired children are not expected to exhibit consistent phonological priming to visual words. Auditory phonological priming, if found in these children, is expected to be more prominent in the right than left hemisphere, opposite to normal readers. Phonetically impaired children (whether or not slow namers) are not expected to show as consistent early activation in the left occipital area (the so-called Visual Word Form System; Posner & Raichle, 1994). Slow namers are expected to have slower reaction times, slower developing N150 and N400 components, and an attenuated ERP anticipatory component.