Trafficking, Smuggling, and Illicit Migration in Gendered and Historical Perspective, c 1870-2000

人口贩运、“偷渡”和秘密移民是当今政治上最不稳定、社会上最紧迫的问题之一，但它们也有着悠久的历史。该项目将从比较和全球的角度研究十九和二十世纪的人口贩运历史，从而对非法和秘密移徙史的新兴研究作出重大贡献。副院长茱莉亚·莱特（Julia Laite）是研究英国世界人口贩运和移民问题的专家，副院长菲利帕·赫瑟林顿（Philippa Hetherington）是研究俄罗斯帝国人口贩运问题的专家，他们将合作对这两个国家和帝国在19世纪末和20世纪初的人口贩运和秘密移民进行比较研究，同时组织一系列研讨会和一个重大的数字合作项目，将研究人口贩运问题的历史学家聚集在一起，现代世界其他地区的走私和非法移民。这种数字合作还将产生一个以交互式地图项目为中心的网络应用程序，该应用程序将由项目参与者根据自己的研究和专业知识共同构建，并与学术界和非学术界的利益相关者广泛共享。人口贩运的历史就其本质而言是跨国和多因素的：人口跨越国界流动，各国在国家和国际层面应对人口贩运，执法行动跨越国家管辖范围和帝国。该项目的比较和合作性质将使我们能够探索一套独特的方法论问题。我们怎样才能写一部全球合作的人口贩卖史，同时兼顾复杂的国家、地方和个人因素？我们如何才能在研究全球人口贩运历史的人们之间建立持久和有用的合作？我们如何以数字方式呈现现代人口贩运和非法移民的复杂性和不断变化的故事？我们将设法把贩运的概念和经验结合起来。我们不会试图将贩运和走私作为规范或法律类别加以澄清，而是会质疑将“贩运”、“走私”和“非法移民”区分为移民的独特经历和犯罪或移民控制的具体目标的效用。其次，我们将在国际犯罪和更广泛的移民控制的历史背景下审查贩运。我们将问，贩运政策如何与更广泛的移民控制相关联，以及它如何影响移民法律和执法的发展？第三，我们将探讨性别、性、劳动和非法移民之间的联系，无论是在法律和政策方面，还是在个人过去的经历方面。这项拟议的研究项目将对现有的学术研究作出重大贡献，并从几个方面提高对贩运和走私历史的认识和理解。这项工作不仅将审查有关贩运的论述，还将审查执法行动和被贩运者及其贩运者的经验，并将超越现有的主要侧重于打击贩运的国际运动的学术研究。通过其计划的国际网络和协作数字项目，拟议的研究计划将建立和促进其他新兴学者的工作，并与广泛的学术受众和非学术受益人分享这些工作。它将有助于建立全球人口贩运史，目前迫切需要从历史角度来提高对这一现象的理解。

Human trafficking, 'people smuggling' and clandestine migration are some of the most politically volatile and socially pressing issues in the present day, but they also have a long history. This project will contribute significantly to the emerging study of the history of illicit and clandestine migration by examining the history of trafficking in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in comparative and global perspective. The PI, Julia Laite, a specialist on trafficking and migration in the British World, and the CI, Philippa Hetherington, a specialist on trafficking in the Russian empire, will collaborate to produce a comparative study of trafficking and clandestine migration in these two nations and empires in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, while organizing a series of workshops and a major digital collaboration project that will bring together historians who are studying trafficking, smuggling and illicit migration in other areas of the world in the modern period. This digital collaboration will also produce a web-application, centred around an interactive mapping project, which will be collaboratively built by project participants based on their own research and expertise and shared widely with both academic and non-academic stakeholders.The history of trafficking is transnational and multifactorial by its very nature: people moved across national borders, states responded to trafficking at national and international levels, and law enforcement operations communicated across national jurisdictions and around empires. The comparative and collaborative nature of the project will enable us to explore a unique set of methodological questions. How can we write a collaborative global history of trafficking that also captures complex national, local, and individual factors? How can we develop lasting and usable collaborations between those who research the history of trafficking around the globe? How can we digitally represent the complexity and changing story of modern trafficking and illicit migration?We will seek to entangle concepts and experiences of trafficking. Rather than seeking to clarify trafficking and smuggling as normative or legal categories, we will instead question the utility of separating 'trafficking,' 'smuggling', and 'illicit migration' as unique experiences of migration and specific targets for crime or migration control. Secondly, we will examine trafficking in the context of the history of international crime and wider migration control. We will ask, how does trafficking policy relate to migration control more broadly, and how has it influenced the development of migration law and enforcement? Thirdly, we will explore the connections between gender, sex, labour, and illicit migration, both in terms of law and policy, but also in terms of individual people's experiences in the past.This proposed research project will make a significant contribution to existing scholarship and improve insights and understandings of the history of trafficking and smuggling in several ways. The work will examine not only discourses about trafficking but the operation of law enforcement and the experiences of trafficked persons and their traffickers, and will move beyond the existing scholarship which focuses overwhelmingly on international campaigns against trafficking. Through its planned international network and collaborative digital project, the proposed research program will build on and facilitate the work of other emerging scholars, and share this work with a broad academic audience and with non-academic beneficiaries. It will help to build a global history of trafficking, at a time when historical perspective is critically needed to improve understanding of the phenomenon in the present day.