Colonial and Transnational Intimacies: Medical Humanitarianism in the French external Resistance, 1940-1945.

该项目通过对世界各地医务人员和患者之间近距离身体接触的研究，首次提供了第二次世界大战期间国际医疗合作的亲密历史。它超越了目前主导联合医学和国际卫生合作史学的机构和以国家为中心的方法，以评估医务人员和患者之间的亲密护理关系如何重塑现有的殖民地和内部联盟关系。第二次世界大战在不同性别、种族、民族、阶级、年龄和宗教背景的个人之间引发了重要的新的身体、文化和身体接触。这些形式的相互作用尚未在跨国范围内和基层一级加以处理。这个项目探讨了这些互动如何改变个人和集体的身份，塑造国际合作，并在某些情况下推动反殖民主义的动力。借鉴与全球微观历史转向相关的方法，它侧重于法国外部抵抗运动在中东、非洲和欧洲建立的不同医疗空间。其中包括国际哈德菲尔德斯皮尔斯医院（案例研究1）、法属自由非洲的药房、野战医院和基地医院（案例研究2）以及跟随法军在意大利和法国的流动外科部队（案例研究3）。这些国际医疗空间既是身体和亲密欲望的场所，也是高度政治紧张的场所，提供了一个有价值的镜头，通过它可以重新评估工作人员和患者在全球战争背景下制定和争论种族，宗教，性，疼痛和身体的方式。通过将殖民和跨国亲密关系置于中心位置，该项目有三个主要目标。首先是评估关于性别、性别化、种族化、他者化和受伤的身体的文化观念在塑造外交政策和军事行动中的作用。第二个是揭示军事和医疗当局以及志愿组织如何将亲密护理政治化，并在可接受和不可接受的身体亲密形式之间划出道德和性界限。第三是重新考虑患者自身的经历，坚持他们在协商提供给他们的治疗方面的代理，并探索医疗分类对他们个人身份的影响。法国抵抗运动的医疗空间为研究法国和盟国军事精英在个体层面上对政治权力的争夺提供了一个范例。法国抵抗者在国际舞台上被视为“贱民”，在资源和合法性上高度依赖盟国和殖民地。因此，就其工作人员和病人的来源而言，以及就其中共存的广泛的医疗传统和做法而言，它们的医疗空间非常多样化。因此，对这些不同空间的审视，提供了对复杂的社会、性别、宗教、职业和种族身份、信仰体系和主体性的迷人见解。最近，#AidToo运动引起了人们的关注，公众意识到性别在理解当前人道主义体系中的核心地位。通过提供对亲密身体接触的历史见解，该项目将有助于当前关于性别不平等的辩论，并为未来的历史和人道主义研究奠定更坚实的基础。利用迄今未被探索的档案文件、个人证词和照片，它将改变我们对国际医疗合作的理解，并对医疗实践、身体互动、情感理想和广泛受众感兴趣的个人行为之间的关系进行重要的重新评估。

This project offers the first intimate history of international medical cooperation during the Second World War, through an examination of close bodily encounters between medical staff and patients in various sites across the world. It transcends institutional and state-centred approaches that currently dominate the historiography of Allied medicine and international health cooperation to assess how intimate care relations between medical staff and patients reshaped existing colonial and inter-allied relationships. The Second World War elicited important new physical, cultural and bodily encounters between individuals of diverse gender, ethnic, national, class, age and religious backgrounds. These forms of interactions have yet to be addressed in a transnational context and on a grass-roots level. This project interrogates how these interactions transformed individual and collective group identities, shaped international cooperation and, in some cases, fuelled anti-colonial dynamics. Drawing on the methodologies associated with the global micro-history turn, it focuses on different medical spaces set up by the French external Resistance in the Middle East, Africa and Europe. These include the international Hadfield Spears Hospital (case study 1), the dispensaries, field and base hospitals in Free French Africa (case study 2) and the Mobile Surgical Units that followed the French Army in Italy and France (case study 3). These international medical spaces, which were both sites of bodily and intimate desires and high political tensions, offer a valuable lens through which to reassess the ways in which staff and patients enacted and contested ideas about race, religion, sexuality, pain and the body within the setting of a global war. By placing colonial and transnational intimacies centre stage, this project has three central aims. The first is to evaluate the role of cultural ideas about the sexed, gendered, racialised, othered and wounded body in shaping foreign policy and military operations. The second is to uncover how military and medical authorities and voluntary organisations politicized intimate care and drew moral and sexual boundaries between acceptable and unacceptable forms of corporeal intimacy. The third is to reconsider the experiences of patients themselves, insisting on their agency in negotiating the treatment that was provided to them and exploring the affective consequences of medical categorisations on their individual identities. The medical spaces of the French Resistance provide a paradigmatic case to study the ways in which contests over political authority amongst French and Allied military elites took place at the level of individual bodies. French resisters were considered as 'pariahs' on the international stage and were highly dependent on their Allies and colonies for resources and legitimacy. Their medical spaces were thus remarkably heterogeneous, both in terms of the origins of its staff and patients, and in relation to the broad spectrum of medical traditions and practices that co-existed within them. An examination of these diverse spaces therefore offers a fascinating insight into complex social, gender, religious, professional and ethnic identities, belief systems and subjectivities.Recent spotlights on the #AidToo movement have raised public awareness on the centrality of gender to understanding the current humanitarian system. By offering historical insights onto intimate bodily encounters, this project will contribute to current debates on gender inequalities and lay stronger foundations for future histories and studies of humanitarianism. Drawing on hitherto unexplored archival documents, personal testimonies and photographs, it will alter our understanding of international medical cooperation and provide a crucial reassessment of the relationships between medical practices, bodily interactions, emotional ideals and individual behaviours of interest to a wide range of audiences.