BREATHING IN SLEEP

睡眠呼吸的研究是临床和科学的 重要. 睡眠呼吸暂停有很高的发病率，随着年龄的增长而增加。 这 本申请提出了睡眠-觉醒中呼吸的研究。 我们想 了解呼吸是如何在清醒状态下自动兴奋的， 呼吸的自主控制发生，以及REM和NREM睡眠呼吸 模式发展。 这项研究涉及慢性呼吸道疾病的研究。 动物 我们将测试这些假设：1）呼吸神经元变化 呼吸活动的强度和一致性， 具有弱且不一致的呼吸信号的神经元介导状态 对呼吸系统的影响 我们将量化呼吸值 并将该值与状态之间的变化联系起来。 （二） 呼吸系统的功能因睡眠而异 姿势，呼吸系统和其他运动系统一样， 在快速眼动睡眠中由特定状态的过程控制。 我们会研究 睡眠姿势对肋间肌肉活动的影响，我们将 确定是否脑桥病变，消除某些肌肉的张力不足， 在REM睡眠中， 状态 3)介导唤醒的中脑区域与 与脑干呼吸区的连接，这些连接导致 清醒时自动促进呼吸。 我们将注射 辣根过氧化物酶进入脑干呼吸区， 运输到中脑。 如果中脑脑桥和中脑延髓 投射存在，母体中脑细胞的行为将是 在睡眠-觉醒状态下进行研究。 4)动物可以适应 主动控制呼吸。 这是学习的第一步 自主控制呼吸。

The study of breathing in sleep is clinically and scientifically important. Sleep apnea has a high incidence that increases with age. This application proposes study of respiration in sleep-wakefulness. We want to understand how breathing is automatically excited in wakefulness, how voluntary control of breathing occurs, and how REM and NREM sleep breathing patterns develop. This research involves study of respiration in chronic animals. We will test these hypotheses: 1) That respiratory neurons vary in the strength and consistency of their respiratory activity and that neurons having weak and inconsistent respiratory signals mediate state effects on the respiratory system. We will quantify the respiratory value of respiratory activity and relate this value to changes across states. 2) That the respiratory system functions differently depending on the sleep posture, and that the respiratory system, as other motor systems, is controlled in REM sleep by state-specific processes. We will study the effect of sleep posture on intercostal muscle activity, and we will determine whether pontine lesions that eliminate the atonia of some muscles in REM sleep also eliminate intercostal and upper airway atonia in that state. 3) That midbrain regions mediating arousal have direct connections with brainstem respiratory areas and that these connections cause an automatic facilitation of breathing in wakefulness. We will inject horseradish peroxidase into brainstem respiratory areas and look for transport into the midbrain. If mesencephalopontine and mesencephalobulbar projections exist, the behavior of the parent midbrain cells will be studied in sleep-wakefulness. 4) That animals can be conditioned to voluntarily control their breathing. This is the first step for studying the voluntary control of breathing.