REDUCING BIAS--THE COMMON INGROUP IDENTITY MODEL

群体间的偏见虽然不公平地让一些人受益，但对个人来说却是负面的 以及对所有公民的社会后果。种族主义的后果，对于 例如，包括少数族裔成员尚未实现的潜力 以及未能充分利用多样性。将成本直接分配给 大多数人以及少数群体都涉及到人权和 由于失业、贫困、犯罪、毒品、 健康不佳，以及个人、社会和家庭功能障碍(见克雷恩和 Weisman，1972；Bowser&Hunt，1981；Jones，1986；McLoyd，1990)。 这项拟议的研究发展并检验了共同的内部群体身份 减少群体间偏见和冲突的模式。该模型侧重于 调节认知过程，并断言(1)更和谐， 转变的因素可以促进组间的互动 成员对两组成员关系的认知表征 一组；(2)对外组成员的有利概括不 具体涉及的联系情况将最大化，当 保持初始组身份的显著程度，但在 常见内部组身份的上下文。因此，拟议的研究审查了 对多样性的认识如何在群体中减少偏见 在重要和持久的方面存在差异。该提案衍生出一套 可检验的假说，并提出了一系列十项研究 阐述总体理论框架的几个部分。一些人 研究考虑了被提出的诱发共同群体的因素 身份(例如，群体间合作的要素、平等地位 团体、积极情绪和语言因素)。其他研究检查 共同的内部群组身份的建议结果(例如，合作， 自我表露和利他主义)。最后，两项研究应用了原则 从模型派生出来的，以减少种族间的偏见。

Intergroup bias, although it unfairly benefits some, has negative personal and social consequences for all citizens. The consequences of racism, for example, include more than the unrealized potential of members of minority groups and the failure to capitalize on diversity. Direct costs to majority as well as to minority groups involve the loss of human and financial resources as the result of unemployment, poverty, crime, drugs, ill-health, and personal, social and family dysfunction (see Crain & Weisman, 1972; Bowser & Hunt, 1981; Jones, 1986; McLoyd, 1990). The proposed research develops and examines the Common Ingroup Identity Model for reducing intergroup bias and conflict. This model focuses on mediating cognitive processes and asserts that (1) more harmonious, intergroup interactions can be facilitated by factors that transform members' cognitive representations of the memberships from two groups to one group; (2) favorable generalization to outgroup members not specifically involved in the contact situation will be maximized when the salience of the initial group identities are maintained, but within the context of a common ingroup identity. Thus the proposed research examines how the recognition of diversity could lead to reduced bias when groups differ in important and enduring ways. The proposal derives a set of testable hypotheses and proposes a series of ten studies that together address several portions of the overarching theoretical framework. Some studies consider factors that are proposed to induce a common ingroup identity (e.g, elements of intergroup cooperation, equal status between groups, positive mood and linguistic factors). Additional studies examine proposed consequences of a common ingroup identity (e.g., cooperation, self-disclosure and altruism). Finally, two studies apply principles derived from the model to reducing interracial bias.