Re-shaping the Expected Future: Novel Interaction Techniques for Base of the Pyramid Users and Challenges to the Orthodoxy for the Rest of the World.

我们在这项建议中关注的是金字塔底的使用者，即那些在社会经济上处于最不利地位的人。对于这些社区来说，政府和行业经常预示的数字乌托邦面临着几项挑战。这些问题包括技术和文字素养低、缺乏相关的适当内容，以及缺乏负担得起的高带宽数据连接。随着移动的电话的普及，很明显，无论是现在还是将来，这些平台都将成为世界最贫穷地区这些用户最具影响力的信通技术解决方案。可以理解的是，人机互动促进发展和信通技术促进发展方面的工作有很大一部分侧重于技术最低的普通电话机-例如“哑电话”和“功能”电话，即智能手机的前身-以接触尽可能多的人。相比之下，该提案解决了展望未来的需要，即承诺广泛提供日益复杂的设备。在未来5-10年内，最有可能的未来是，国际收支平衡表用户将有机会获得发达国家用户现在认为理所当然的手机。这一趋势的例证是所谓的“低端智能手机”的可负担性。“GSMA --全球移动的服务提供商的行业机构，我们在这个项目中的合作伙伴之一--预测这一趋势将在全球范围内继续下去，这些设备的零售价已经低至30英镑。这些设备配备了丰富的传感器，连接设施和输出通道（从视听到触摸输出）。虽然有大量关于如何使用和扩展这些平台以实现更“自然”交互的研究（例如，创建移动的指向和手势界面），但这项工作主要是从“第一世界”的角度进行的。也就是说，这些技术的设计是为了适应未来，在资源可用性，文化习俗和识字方面，这是不符合未来的国际收支平衡表用户。我们的目标是从根本上创新，为未来的关键互动机会，利用组织和个人的网络，与国际收支平衡表用户密切联系，沿着国际收支平衡表最终用户本身。这些利益攸关方帮助制定了提案，并将成为工作本身的组成部分。该计划将是全面和综合的，涉及肯尼亚，南非和印度的三个驱动区域，每个驱动区域都允许我们从三个角度考虑需求：城市，郊区和农村。在解决国际收支平衡表用户有效互动的紧迫问题时，我们还将在更广泛的发达国家寻求HCI设计的新基础前提。在我们看来，已建立的信息交互技术（如复制/粘贴）来自桌面，文本和知识工作的互动框架。移动的互动阐明了另一种框架-社会性，个人叙事和高度背景导向的友谊，家庭和社区的做法。随着智能手机的出现及其卓越的处理能力，将其打造成迷你PC的诱惑，以及所有的交互原则，导致许多HCI研究人员避免为这些社交实践设计，模糊了移动的和PC之间的区别。鉴于大多数能够使用这些设备的人都生活在知识工作是常态的文化中，这往往被接受-社交通常是通过绕过设备并与应用程序互动来实现的。我们的国际收支平衡表社区的“生活实验室”，在那里接触和适用的桌面用户界面是非常低的，提供了一个令人兴奋的资源，提请注意用户如何寻求适当的移动的设备，并通过设备本身的社会目的。这反过来又可以为发现新的更好的基本和创新的人机交互原则提供基础，这些原则可以使这些目标更容易实现。

Our concern in this proposal is for Base of the Pyramid (BoP) users, that is, those who are the most socio-economically disadvantaged. For these communities, there are several challenges to the digital utopia that governments and industry are regularly heralding. These range from low technological and textual literacy, a paucity of relevant, appropriate content, to a lack of affordable, high-bandwidth data connections. With the ubiquity of mobile phones, it is clear that now, and in the future, these platforms will be the most influential ICT solutions for these users in the poorest regions of the world. Understandably, a good proportion of the work in Human Computer Interaction for Development (HCI4D) and ICT for Development (ICTD) has focused on the technologically lowest common denominators - for example "dumbphones" and "feature" phones, the precursors to smartphones - to reach as many people as possible. In contrast, this proposal addresses the need to look ahead to a future that promises widespread availability of increasingly sophisticated devices. The most likely future in the next 5-10 years is that BoP users will have access to handsets that developed world users are now taking for granted. This trend is exemplified by the affordability of so-called "low-end smartphones." The GSMA - the global industry body for mobile service providers, one of our partners in this project - predicts that this trend will continue worldwide, with these devices already retailing for as little as £30. These devices are equipped with rich sets of sensors, connectivity facilities and output channels (from audio-visual to touch-output). While there is plentiful research on how to use and extend these platforms for more "natural" interaction (e.g., creating mobile pointing and gestural interfaces), the work has largely been from a "first world" perspective. That is, the techniques have been designed to fit a future, in terms of resource availability, cultural practice and literacy, that is out of joint with that lying ahead for BoP users. Our aim is to radically innovate for key future interaction opportunities, drawing on a network of organisations and individuals deeply connected to BoP users, along with BoP end-users themselves. These stakeholders have helped shape the proposal and will be integral to the work itself. The programme will be comprehensive and integrative, involving three driver regions in Kenya, South Africa and India, each allowing us to consider needs from three perspectives: the urban, sub-urban and rural.In solving pressing problems of effective interaction for BoP users we will also seek new basis premises of HCI design in the wider developed world. In our view, the established information interaction techniques (like copy/paste) derive from desktop, textual and knowledge work framings of interaction. Mobile interaction articulates an alternative framework - sociality, personal narrative and highly context orientated practices of friendship, family and community. With the emergence of smartphones and their remarkable processing powers, the temptation to make them mini-PCs, with all the interaction principles to match, has led many HCI researchers to avoid designing for those social practices, blurring the distinction between the mobile and the PC. Given that most of those who have access to these devices are living in cultures where knowledge work is the norm, this tends to be accepted - sociality is often achieved through by-passing the device and engaging with 'apps.' The "living lab'' of our BoP communities, where exposure to and suitability of desktop UIs is very low, provides an exciting resource that draws attention to how users seek to appropriate mobile devices for social ends in and through the device itself. This in turn can provide the basis for uncovering new better basic and innovative HCI principles that can allow these ends to be more readily achieved.