Advanced building façade design for optimal delivery of end use energy demand

目前，建筑占英国总能源消耗的40%以上，在英国的二氧化碳排放量中占相似的比例。建筑中使用的能源主要用于为建筑居住者创造一个热舒适和视觉舒适的环境。玻璃幕墙在决定建筑的能源性能方面发挥着重要作用，并被要求执行一系列有时相互冲突的功能。它们需要i)通过太阳和长波辐射、传导和对流调节与外部环境的热量传递；ii)允许透过自然光提供室内照明，减少对补充电力照明的需求，并提供美学功能，无论是在它们对建筑外观的影响方面，还是在为居住者提供与外部环境的视觉联系方面。提高开窗节能性能对降低建筑能耗负荷具有重要意义。据报道，在大多数气候条件下，最佳的玻璃设计可以将住宅建筑的能耗降低10-50%，而对于商业、公共机构和工业建筑，适当指定的开窗系统可以将照明和空调成本降低10-40%。我们将全面发展先进的节能技术，以达到降低建筑能源需求的目标。这与能源需求解决方案研究中心（CREDS）在“建筑”和“热脱碳”主题下的能源需求目标相辅相成。低成本的光学元件将被设计并集成到传统的双层玻璃中，这将显著增加窗户的热阻，提供对太阳热量增益的控制，并使窗户在每年的净能量平衡方面比墙壁表现得更好。建筑能源负荷将大大减少，同时提供舒适的日光。我们的目标是，当集成到一个典型的商业建筑时，新型的玻璃幕墙系统将提供舒适的年度日光水平，实现每年人工照明能耗减少20%以上，在采暖季节减少30%以上的空间供暖需求，在夏季减少20%的冷却负荷。主动太阳能技术与性能更好的窗户的正面系统的整合可能会导致商业建筑每年的负能源负荷。

Buildings currently account for over 40% of the total UK energy consumption and a similar percentage of the UK CO2 emissions. The energy used in buildings is largely required for creating a thermally and visually comfortable environment for building occupants. Glazed façades play an important role in determining a building's energy performance and are called upon to perform a range of, sometimes conflicting, functions. They are required to i) regulate heat transfer to and from the external environment by solar and long wave radiation, conduction and convection ii) allow transmittance natural daylight to provide interior illumination, reducing the need for supplementary electric lighting and to provide an aesthetic function, both in terms of their influence on building appearance and providing occupants a visual link to the external environment. Improving fenestration energy performance can make a significant contribution to reducing building energy loads. It is reported that optimal glazing design could reduce residential building energy consumption by 10-50% in most climates, while for commercial, institutional and industrial buildings, a properly specified fenestration system could reduce lighting and air-conditioning costs by 10-40%.We are going to carry out a holistic approach to develop advanced façades technologies to achieve building energy demand reduction goals. This compliments Centre for Research into Energy Demand Solutions (CREDS) objectives of energy demand within the 'building' & 'heat decarbonisation' theme of the centre. Low cost optical components will be designed and integrated into conventional double glazing, which will significantly increase the thermal resistance of the window, provide control of the solar heat gain, and enable windows to perform better than walls on a yearly basis in terms of their net energy balance. Building energy loads will be reduced significantly while providing comfortable daylight. The target is that when integrated in a typical commercial building the novel glazing façade system will provide comfortable annual daylight levels achieving over a 20% reduction in annual artificial lighting energy consumption, reduce space heating demand by over 30% in the heating season and cooling load by 20% in Summer. The integration in a façade system of active solar energy technologies with better performing windows may potentially lead commercial buildings to be a negative energy load on an annual basis.