THE FRONTAL LOBE AND THE CEREBRAL CONTROL OF ADAPTIVE SPATIAL-MOTOR BEHAVIOR

我已经开始了一项对四个人的行为神经生理学的研究 灵长类动物额叶的主要分部：初级运动 大脑皮质(MI)、背侧运动前皮质(PMD)、腹侧前运动 皮质(PMV)和辅助运动区(SMA)。一个新的实验室 研究单个大脑皮层神经元的活动，并熟练掌握 手臂的伸展运动是为了调查 额叶皮质运动区神经元活动的关系 以及对呈现给 按部就班地拖延任务。猴子将表演两种不同的形式 涉及空间信息的连续呈现的任务 在准备多向伸展动作时需要。 在一种情况下，先前学习的或新的动作序列是 由猴子准备并执行。此任务将帮助确定哪些 到达的空间方面是在神经元中进行预处理和编码的 从记忆中检索到的信号中皮层水平的活动 或产生从头开始。在另一种情况下，肩部的伺服电机和 肘关节用于模拟手臂和手臂之间的碰撞 沿运动轨迹的特定位置处的“虚拟”对象。 这项任务将有助于确定大脑皮层的空间调谐 神经元本身是视觉空间的代表性地图的一部分，或者 在太空中的预定运动路径。此外，由于 障碍物的位置、大小和形状可以直观地呈现出来 对猴子来说，或者，猴子只使用体感就能感觉到 来自移动臂的信息，将有可能评估 额叶皮质神经元在猴适应中的作用 调整连续到达动作时的行为，以避免 障碍，也是传入信息的来源，视觉或 躯体感觉，用于这种形式的运动学习。

I have initiated a study of the behavioral neurophysiology of four major divisions of the frontal lobe of primates: the primary motor cortex (MI), the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), the ventral premotor cortex (PMv), and, the supplementary motor area (SMA). A new laboratory for studying the activity of single cortical neurons and highly skilled reaching movements of the arm was set up in order to investigate the relationship between neuronal activity in frontal cortical motor areas and the processing of visual-spatial information presented to the monkey in instructed delay tasks. Monkeys will perform two variations of tasks involving the serial presentation of spatial information required in the preparation of multi-directional reaching movements. In one, either a previously learned or a novel movement sequence is prepared and executed by the monkey. This task will help identify which spatial aspects of reaching are preprocessed and encoded in neuronal activity at the cortical level in signals either retrieved from memory or generated de novo. In the other, servo motors at the shoulder and elbow joints are used to simulate collisions between the arm and "virtual" objects at specific locations along the movement trajectory. This task will help identify whether the spatial tuning of cortical neurons is part of a representational map of visual space, per se, or of the path of the intended movement through space. Furthermore, since the location, size, and shape of obstacles can be presented visually to the monkey, or, as perceived by the monkey using only somatosensory information from the moving arm, it will be possible to evaluate the contribution of frontal cortical neurons to the monkey's adaptive behavior as successive reaching movements are adjusted to avoid obstacles, and also, the source of afferent information, visual or somatosensory, used in this form of motor learning.