NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL, ANATOMICAL, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF MOOD DISORDERS

神经心理测试显示，患有情感疾病的患者 在涉及内隐记忆(启动)的测试中表现受损， 霍尔斯特德类别测验与面部情绪识别 表情与未受损的言语情绪识别任务形成对比。 这些缺陷的神经基础正在被系统地研究。 通过各种技术，包括使用O(15)测试患者 用正电子发射计算机断层扫描(PET)方法进行血液喷射研究。CAT扫描研究显示 情感性精神障碍患者的VBR增加与 病程，但与年龄呈正相关，皮质醇的测量 多分泌，以及霍尔斯特德分类测试中的损害。磁共振成像 研究表明，在儿童中， 情感患病的受试者与对照组进行比较。前额的证据 原发性高血压患者的PET扫描结果显示代谢低下 情感障碍以及与癫痫相关的抑郁。 颞骨和顶骨的改变也很明显。普鲁卡因激活 研究表明，精神感觉症状在一系列 情感上的变化。躁郁症患者似乎特别容易患上 兴高采烈的反应，而烦躁的反应发生与 颞叶结构脑电的快速激活程度。O(15) 已经在患者和正常志愿者中进行了宠物手术， 普鲁卡因引起的前颞叶血流量增加 和/或基底额叶以及扣带回。普鲁卡因试验 将继续在服用和停用卡马西平的患者以及在 有和没有恐慌症发作史的可卡因滥用者。

Neuropsychological testing has revealed that affectively ill patients have impaired performance on tests involving implicit memory (priming), the Halstead Category Test, and recognition of facial emotional expression in contrast with unimpaired verbal emotion recognition tasks. The neural substrates of these deficits are systematically being explored by a variety of techniques including testing patients utilizing O(15) blood blow studies with PET methodology. CAT scan studies have revealed increased VBR in patients with affective disorders unrelated to the course of illness, but positively related to age, measures of cortisol hypersecretion, and impairment on the Halstead Category Test. MRI studies suggest decreased area and volume of the temporal lobe in affectively ill subjects compared with controls. Evidence of frontal hypometabolism is revealed on PET scan studies in patients with primary affective disorders as well as depression associated with epilepsy. Temporal and parietal alterations are also evident. Procaine-activation studies reveal marked alterations in psychosensory symptoms with a range of affective changes. Bipolar patients appear particularly prone to euphoric responses, while dysphoric responses occur in relationship to degree of fast activation in the EEG of temporal lobe structures. O(15) PET procedures have been conducted in patients and normal volunteers and reveal procaine-induced increases in blood flow in anterior temporal lobe and/or basal frontal areas as well as in cingulate gyrus. Procaine tests will be continued in patients on and off carbamazepine as well as in cocaine abusers with and without histories of panic attacks.