ANATOMY OF THE PRIMATE VISUAL SYSTEM

为了更好地理解视觉联想皮质在知觉中的作用 和记忆，我们已经检查了组成大脑皮层的功能区 并通过使用 神经解剖示踪技术与生理学相结合 记录神经活动。我们的结果表明，许多 单独的视觉区域位于纹状皮质(V1)之外 信息处理。这些地区被分成两个不同的区域 皮质通路，每个通路都有V1作为其初始输入的来源。一, 枕颞部通路，能够识别物体，而 另一种是枕顶叶通路，它调节对空间的欣赏。 物体之间的关系以及运动的视觉引导。 枕颞径路(V1、V2、V3、V4、Teo和 下颞叶皮质的TE)似乎被组织成层次结构， 其中每个区域都处理颜色和形状。相比之下，这些地区 沿枕顶径路(V1、MT和MT的投影区 顶叶皮质)处理刺激运动的方向。视觉 有关对象标识和空间位置的信息，最初已处理 在单独的皮质通路中，似乎整合在皮质中 在上颞沟内。大脑皮质下神经的连接 然而，有两条道路仍然高度隔离。而顶叶而不是 颞叶皮质投射到脑桥和上丘，但 不是顶叶皮质与杏仁核相互连接，表明 空间信息对运动视觉引导的重要性 以及对象-奖励关联的对象身份信息。数据 来自脑血流的研究表明在人类中存在，如在 猴子，有两条不同的视觉处理路径，尽管可能有 它们在精确的解剖位置上的跨物种差异。

To better understand the role of visual association cortex in perception and memory, we have examined the functional areas that comprise this cortex in the macaque and explored their interconnections by the use of neuroanatomical tracing techniques in combination with physiological recording of neural activity. Our results indicate that a multiplicity of separate visual areas lie beyond the striate cortex (V1) in the stream of information processing. These areas are organized into two divergent cortical pathways, each having V1 as the source of its initial input. One, an occipitotemporal pathway, enables the recognition of objects, while the other, an occipitoparietal pathway, mediates the appreciation of spatial relationships among objects as well as the visual guidance of movement. The areas along the occipitotemporal pathway (V1, V2, V3, V4, and TEO and TE of the inferior temporal cortex) appear to be organized as a hierarchy, in which each area processes both color and form. By contrast, the areas along the occipitoparietal pathway (V1, MT, and MT's projection zones in parietal cortex) process the direction of stimulus motion. Visual information about object identity and spatial location, initially processed in separate cortical pathways, appears to be integrated in cortex located within the superior temporal sulcus. The subcortical connections of the two pathways, however, remain highly segregated. Whereas parietal but not temporal cortex projects to the pons and superior colliculus, temporal but not parietal cortex is reciprocally connected with the amygdala, indicating the importance of spatial information for the visual guidance of movement and of object identity information for object-reward associations. Data from cerebral blood flow studies indicate the existence in humans, as in monkeys, of two distinct visual processing pathways, although there may be cross-species differences in their precise anatomical locations.