Anti-Smuggling Policies and their Intersection with Humanitarian Assistance and Social Trust

“反走私政策及其与人道主义援助和社会信任的交集”项目从跨学科（法律社会学）的角度审视欧盟反走私法律、政策和操作实践，以及它们对非政府组织和公民志愿者提供人道主义援助的社会影响。偷运人口已成为欧盟更广泛的跨国有组织犯罪政策议程中的一项关键优先行动。持续的难民危机使打击偷渡移民的政策成为欧盟和各国议程的重点；包括英国在内的国家正在为这一领域投入前所未有的预算。然而，很少有人注意到目前欧盟参与者的政策和做法在多大程度上“适合”打击走私及其对更广泛的基于信任的社会关系的影响，这些政策和做法越来越多地融合了警务、刑事司法和军事手段。在便利入境和居留对非正规移民和寻求庇护者以及非政府组织和志愿者工作的影响方面，需要更多的知识和基于事实的政策，以及在何种程度上替代（自下而上）和多学科战略和方法更适合有效解决走私现象，而不损害欧盟的基本权利和基于社会信任的关系。该项目旨在通过绘制“反走私政策”机构及其在欧盟层面知识生产中的优先事项、方法和活动的地图，准确地发展这方面的知识。它将在当前的欧盟政策和行动者与民间社会组织和志愿者的经验、观点和证词之间架起一座桥梁。这将有助于更好地理解当前欧盟政策方法和优先事项的范围、性质和影响（和有效性）。为实施该项目的研究小组非常适合确保研究成果的最高质量和学术卓越性，并将研究成果与相关欧盟和国家政策制定者、执法人员和民间社会代表的公共政策辩论联系起来。为了这个项目的目的，玛丽女王伦敦大学、CEPS和PICUM建立了一个新的合作伙伴关系。这将确保项目目标的全面覆盖和预期结果的成功。CEPS将保证项目结果的政策相关性和影响。PICUM将在确保欧盟和国家民间社会组织的贡献和参与方面发挥决定性作用。寻求打击跨国犯罪的政策对犯罪受害者和东道国社会的相关风险是学术界日益关注的一个问题。然而，迄今为止，反走私法律和政策对寻求帮助寻求庇护者和移民（包括普通公民）的利益攸关方的影响仍然是一个不为人知的问题。本建议试图通过探讨跨国反走私措施对人道主义援助和基于信任的社会关系的影响来纠正这种情况。它力求对打击欧洲联盟（欧盟）境内走私的更有效和符合基本权利的政策作出高度原创和及时的贡献。2015-2016年的“难民危机”说明了有效应对偷渡现象和打击对寻求庇护者的剥削所面临的挑战。一个关键的难题是需要确保明确区分剥削性走私者和人道主义行动者。难民危机也显示出一些国家当局缺乏有效的反应。这使许多新的人道主义行动者进入该领域；从救生队到新的非政府组织和志愿者。

The Project 'Anti-Smuggling Policies and Their Intersection with Humanitarian Assistance and Social Trust' examines from a cross-disciplinary (sociology of law) perspective EU anti-smuggling laws, polices and operational practices and their social effects over the provision of humanitarian assistance by NGOs and citizen volunteers.Smuggling of human beings has become a key priority action in the wider EU policy agenda on transnational organized crime. The ongoing refugee crisis has brought policies against migrant smuggling to the fore of EU and national agendas; and unprecedented budgets are being dedicated to this arena by countries including the UK. Little attention has been paid however to the extent to which current EU actors' policies and practices, which increasingly merge policing, criminal justice and military approaches, are 'fit for purpose' in countering smuggling and their effects on wider trust-based relations in society.More knowledge and facts-based policies are needed as regards the effects of criminalisation of facilitation of entrance and residence on irregular immigrants and asylum-seekers and on the work of NGOs and volunteers, and the extent to which alternative (bottom up) and multidisciplinary strategies and approaches are better suited to effectively address the smuggling phenomenon without undermining fundamental rights and social trust-based relations in the EU.This Project aims at precisely developing this knowledge by mapping the field of 'anti-smuggling policy' agencies and their priorities, approaches and activities, in the production of knowledge at EU levels. It will provide a bridge between current EU policies and actors and the experiences, views and testimonies of civil society organisations and volunteers. This will allow for a better understanding of the scope, nature and effects (and effectiveness) of current EU policy approaches and priorities. The Research Group that has been designed for implementing the project is strongly suited to ensure the highest quality and academic excellence in the research outputs, as well as linking the research results to public policy debates with relevant EU and national policy makers, law enforcement practitioners and civil society representatives. A new Partnership has been established for the purposes of this project composed by Queen Mary London University, CEPS and PICUM. This will ensure a comprehensive coverage of the project objectives and the success of the expected results. CEPS will guarantee the policy relevance and impact of the project results. PICUM will play a decisive role in securing the contributions and involvement of EU and national civil society organisations. The associated risks of policies that seek to tackle transnational crime upon both victims of crime and on host societies is an issue that is gaining increasing attention in scholarship Yet, to date, the impact of anti-smuggling laws and policies on the stakeholders seeking to assist asylum seekers and migrants, including ordinary citizens, remains a hidden narrative. This proposal seeks to rectify this by exploring the impact of transnational anti-smuggling measures on humanitarian assistance and trust-based relations in society. It seeks to make a highly original and timely contribution towards more effective and fundamental rights-compliant policies countering the smuggling in the European Union (EU). The 2015-2016 'refugee crisis' has illustrated the challenges of effectively responding to the phenomenon of smuggling and of fighting against the exploitation of asylum seekers. A key dilemma concerns the need to ensure a clear differentiation between exploitative smugglers and humanitarian actors. The refugee crisis has also shown the lack of effective responses by some national authorities. This has brought many new humanitarian actors into the field; from lifesaving teams to new non-governmental organisations and volunteers.