From displacement to development: arts education as a means to build cultural resilience and community-led arts production in the Marshall Islands

这是一个参与式艺术教育计划，包括与学童举办一系列工作坊；他们的大家庭成员；以及马绍尔群岛和夏威夷的实习教师。讲习班将包括创造性写作、视觉艺术和摄影方面的活动，并将产生创造性产出(由马绍尔儿童、实习教师、以及参与该项目的艺术家)和学术成果（由项目团队制作），探讨马绍尔人因以下原因而流离失所的经历：1)冷战期间美国核试验2)夸贾林岛被用于美国弹道导弹试验3)由此导致的贫困状况，迫使移民到夏威夷和美国其他地区寻求更好的生活质量。马绍尔群岛经历了五个世纪的西班牙、德国、日本和美国的殖民统治，在20世纪，全球战争和美国的军事扩张导致大部分人口被迫（通常是永久性）流离失所。在第二次世界大战期间，马绍尔人被迫从夸贾林岛撤离，为日本和美国的军事设施让路。在冷战期间，更多的马绍尔人被迫离开北部环礁（如比基尼和埃尼韦塔克），为美国的核试验让路。比基尼人被告知他们的迁移将是暂时的，但核辐射的污染已经使他们的家园在大约3万年的时间里无法居住，而且马绍尔人受到辐射影响，出现了一系列严重的健康问题（包括癌症和先天缺陷），这些问题在几代人之后出生的后代身上仍然表现出来。核难民被迫在Majuro和Ebeye等南部岛屿定居，冷战期间，当美国在夸贾林岛建立弹道导弹试验基地时，夸贾林岛的剩余岛民被迫搬迁。马绍尔群岛于1979年获得自治，并于1986年与美国签署了《自由联合契约》（Compact of Free Association），该契约授予岛民在美国工作和定居的权利，并包括一次性解决核赔偿索赔。然而，和解基金太过有限，无法解决测试造成的巨大环境和健康损害，许多贫困的马绍尔人移居到美国邻近的州（如夏威夷），以寻求更好的生活水平，却发现许多权利（如投票权或申请国家医疗计划的权利）只适用于美国出生的马绍尔人。这加剧了现有的贫困状况，此外，移民在美国媒体和公共话语中被污名化为公共资源（包括卫生和福利系统）的消耗者。该项目旨在更好地了解马绍尔人流离失所的经历，并探索如何在社区内部署复原力战略，以建立未来的教育和社会经济能力。太平洋其他地区的艺术运动已经证明了创造性工作的潜力，可以见证并帮助从殖民主义下流离失所和剥夺的创伤中恢复过来。大洋洲的大部分地区都有一个由专业本土艺术家和艺术教育者组成的强大网络，该项目旨在探索马绍尔群岛加入这个创意社区的潜力，以这个方向的初步行动为基础（比如最近在南太平洋大学马绍尔群岛分校举行的一系列研讨会上，马绍尔jake-ed（服装垫）编织的复兴）。除了一些创意产出外，该项目还将为马绍尔学校教师提供可持续的艺术教育培训，并制作政策文件，供马绍尔政府和其他利益相关者使用。

This is a participatory arts education project involving a series of workshops conducted with schoolchildren; members of their extended families; and trainee schoolteachers in the Marshall Islands and Hawaii. The workshops will include activities in creative writing, the visual arts, and photography, and will result in creative outputs (by Marshallese children, trainee teachers, and artists involved in the project) and academic outputs (produced by the project team) exploring the Marshallese experience of displacement as a result of:i) US nuclear testing during the Cold Warii) The appropriation and continued use of Kwajalein island for US ballistic missile testingiii) Resulting conditions of poverty necessitating migration to Hawaii and other parts of the US in search of a better quality of life. The Marshall Islands experienced five centuries of colonisation under Spain, Germany, Japan and finally the US, and during the twentieth century, global wars and US military expansion led to the forcible (and often permanent) displacement of much of the population. During the Second World War, Marshallese were forcibly evacuated from Kwajalein island to make way for Japanese, then US military installations, and during the Cold War, many more Marshallese were forced to leave northern atolls (such as Bikini and Enewetak) to make way for US nuclear testing. The Bikinians were told their displacement would be temporary, but contamination from nuclear radiation has rendered their homeland uninhabitable for an estimated 30,000 years, as well as afflicting Marshallese exposed to fallout with a range of serious health problems (including cancers and birth defects) which are still manifesting in descendants born generations later. Nuclear refugees were forced to settle on southern islands such as Majuro and Ebeye, and were joined by remaining islanders from Kwajalein forced to relocate when the US established a ballistic missile testing base on Kwajalein during the Cold War. The Marshall Islands became self-governing in 1979, and signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (in 1986) which granted islanders the right to work and settle in the US, and included a one-off settlement for nuclear compensation claims. However, the settlement fund is far too limited to address the immense environmental and health damage caused by the tests, and many impoverished Marshallese have migrated to neighbouring US states (such as Hawaii) in search of a better standard of living, only to discover that many entitlements (such as the right to vote or to apply to national healthcare schemes) are only extended to US-born Marshallese. This has exacerbated existing conditions of poverty, and in addition, migrants have become stigmatised in US media and public discourse as a drain on public resources (including health and welfare systems). This project aims to better understand the Marshallese experience of displacement, and to explore how strategies of resilience that remain within the community might be deployed to build educational and socioeconomic capacity in the future. Arts movements elsewhere in the Pacific have demonstrated the potential for creative work to bear witness to, and aid recovery from, the traumas of displacement and dispossession under colonialism. There is a robust network of professional indigenous artists and arts educators extending throughout much of Oceania, and the project aims to explore potential for the Marshall Islands to join this creative community, building on incipient moves in this direction (such as the recent revival of Marshallese jake-ed (clothing mat) weaving through a series of workshops held at the Marshall Islands branch of the University of the South Pacific). In addition to a number of creative outputs, the project will deliver sustainable arts education training to Marshallese schoolteachers, and produce policy documents for circulation to the Marshallese government and other stakeholders.