The Making of an Integrated Landscape of Conservation: Sustainable Development, Environmental Justice and the Politics of Territory in the Amazon

保护热带森林是全球环境和可持续发展目标的核心，包括《生物多样性公约》、《2030年可持续发展议程》和2015年《巴黎协定》。考虑到这些目标，已经建立了许多保护区(PA)，以便在不同的保护制度下保护这些森林。然而，这些保护区仍然受到全球、国家和地方对自然资源的需求的威胁，而其土著居民的议程在相关决策过程中基本上仍未得到承认。这是一个特别紧迫的问题，因为世界上一半以上的热带雨林属于声称拥有主权和有所有权的土著领土，土著人民的权利得到国际协定(例如联合国土著人民权利机构和国际劳工组织169)和国家法律(例如秘鲁的《事先协商法》和《土著社区法》)的承认。我们假设，保护工作的愿望与现实之间的差距的根源在于，尽管声称参与了进程，但仍然坚持自上而下的发展和保护方法，以及阻碍当地和土著人民有效参与相关决策过程及其知识的治理结构。为了解决这个问题，研究将集中在秘鲁亚马逊地区的普鲁斯-马努保护走廊，该走廊代表了当代森林利用和保护的复杂社会、文化和政治现实。该地区包括参与各种农业和采掘活动的各种人民和社区，这些活动与不同的所有权和权利制度有关。这不仅包括官方承认的保护区和土著土地主张，还包括采掘特许权和新兴的碳市场融资。对环境的不同理解和使用之间的紧张关系有时会导致地方一级的人身暴力和恐吓。这些紧张关系在秘鲁政府的最高层也很明显，在那里，负责土地、发展和基础设施的部门往往比负责保护和权利的部门更有权势。在这方面，虽然秘鲁政府内部有一些行为者在寻求更公平和有效的森林保护制度和对土著权利的支持，但由于缺乏数据、知识和能力来进行参与性规划和积极的多部门和多层次协调，这些行为者受到阻碍。该项目将首先通过一种创新的民族志“景观方法”来解决这些问题，这种方法将同时在不同的地点进行，以研究和比较不同社会和治理层面的环境、社会和政治动态。在这样做的过程中，我们将询问土著领土和环境的概念和优先事项，以及它们与非政府组织和政府行为者的概念和优先事项之间的联系、交叉和背离，以及赋予某些类型的知识和信息特权的权力等级。这将通过设计和实施我们所称的集体可持续发展计划(CSP)来实现，该计划将证明森林社区的需求和期望的未来。该项目建立在该小组以前在该地区的个人和集体参与的基础上。这包括促进多方行为者共同学习空间的试点项目，以及围绕协作绘图和视听技术开展的能力建设工作，以及土著人民制作电影。

The conservation of tropical forests is central to global environmental and sustainable development goals, including the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and the 2015 Paris Agreement. With these goals in mind, numerous Protected Areas (PAs) have been established in order to preserve these forests under different conservation regimes. However, these PAs remain threatened by global, national and local demands for natural resources while the agendas of their indigenous inhabitants remain largely unrecognised in related decision-making processes. This is a particularly pressing issue, as over half of the world's tropical forests fall within claimed and titled indigenous territories with the rights of indigenous peoples recognised by international agreements (e.g. UNDRIP & ILO169) and national laws (e.g. Peru's laws of Prior Consultation and Native Communities). We hypothesise that the source of this gap between the aspirations and realities of conservation efforts lies in the persistence of top-down approaches to development and conservation, despite claims of participatory processes, and governance structures that prevent the effective participation of local and indigenous peoples and their knowledge in relevant decision-making processes.In order to address this issue, research will centre on the Purus-Manu conservation corridor in Peruvian Amazonia which is representative of the complex social, cultural and political realities of contemporary forest usage and conservation. The area encompasses a diversity of peoples and communities involved in a range of agricultural and extractive activities associated with differing regimes of ownership and rights. This includes not only officially recognised PAs and indigenous land claims but also extractive concessions and nascent carbon market financing. The tensions between different understandings and uses of the environment have, at times, led to physical violence and intimidation at the local level. These tensions are also evident up to the highest levels of the Peruvian government where ministries for land, development and infrastructure tend to be more powerful than the ministries that oversee conservation and rights. In this context while there are actors within Peru's government seeking a more equitable and effective system of forest conservation and the support of indigenous rights they are stymied by a lack of data, knowledge and capacities to carry out participatory planning and active multi-sector and multi-level coordination.The project will address these issues, first through an innovative ethnographic 'landscape approach' that will engage across different locations simultaneously to study and compare environmental, social and political dynamics at different levels of society and governance. In doing so, we will interrogate indigenous territorial and environmental conceptions and priorities, and how they relate, intersect and diverge from those of NGOs and government actors, as well as the hierarchies of power that privilege certain types of knowledge and information.This research will then underpin the design of a practical pathway to build local and national capacities and empower all stakeholders to work towards a transformation of how forest conservation can be encouraged and managed. This will be achieved through the design and implementation of what we have called Collective Sustainability Plans (CSPs) that will evidence the needs and desired futures of forest communities.The project builds on the team's previous individual and collective engagement in the region. This has included pilot projects that facilitated multi-actor co-learning spaces, as well as capacity building work around collaborative mapping and audio-visual techniques, and the production of films by Indigenous Peoples.