High-resolution climate dynamics

许多影响地表气候的过程都起源于平流层，即离地面15- 40公里的大气层。例如，太阳辐射量的变化引起的臭氧变化可能会对地表附近的天气和气候造成重大扰动。目前的大多数气候模型都不能正确地代表平流层，因此不能正确地代表这些变化的影响。此外，在模型中将平流层变化的影响传达到地面可能取决于它们代表小尺度天气系统的能力。目前这一代的气候模型只能代表这样的小尺度特征。理想的情况是，人们可以使用一个既能充分代表平流层又能代表小尺度对流层天气系统的模式来研究这种平流层强迫的影响，但这样一个模式在计算上将是极其昂贵的。因此，我们打算在这项研究中使用略有不同的方法：我们将开发一个高分辨率，平流层分辨率的气候模式，简化了对流和陆面过程等过程的表示。该模式的计算量大大低于最先进的气候模式，但仍然能够代表在这方面很重要的动力和物理过程。利用这个模型，我们打算研究一个被称为蒙德极小期的时期的气候，当时太阳能输出略低于现在，与现在有何不同。特别是，我们打算检查我们的高分辨率模型的结果和标准模型的结果之间的差异。这项研究的结果将有助于我们更好地预测未来平流层变化对区域地表的影响，包括太阳输出变化造成的影响。

Many processes that influence surface climate have their origins in the stratosphere, the layer of the atmosphere 15-40km above the ground. For instance, ozone changes caused by changes in solar output can lead to significant perturbations to weather and climate nearer the surface. Most current climate models do not properly represent the stratosphere, and therefore cannot properly represent this impact of these changes. In addition, the communication of the effects of stratospheric changes to the surface in models may depend on their ability to represent small-scale weather systems. The current generation of climate models can only just represent such small scale features. Ideally, one would examine the effects of such stratospheric forcings using a model which fully represents both the stratosphere and small-scale tropospheric synoptic systems, but such a model would be prohibitively expensive computationally. We therefore intend to use a slightly different approach in this study: we will develop a high-resolution, stratosphere-resolving climate model which has simplified representations of processes such as convection and land-surface processes. This model is significantly less computationally intensive than a state-of-the-art climate model, but is still capable of representing those dynamical and physical processes that are important in this regard. Using this model we intend to study how the climate of a period known as the Maunder minimum, when solar output was slightly lower than now, differed from the present. In particular, we intend to examine the differences between the results from our high-resolution model and those from more standard models. The results of this study will help us to better predict the regional surface impacts of future stratospheric changes including those caused by changes in solar output.