Sustainable delivery of pollination services to strengthen rural livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa

我们三分之二的主要粮食作物依赖于授粉者，野生和管理的蜜蜂和无刺蜂生产的蜂蜜和蜂蜡是世界范围内重要的食物和收入来源。然而，多种相互作用的威胁目前正在导致世界各地野生和管理蜜蜂的数量下降，这表明传粉者提供的授粉和食物服务可能受到威胁。事实上，最近的证据表明，依赖传粉媒介的作物面积的扩大超过了传粉媒介的可用性。虽然在发达地区，我们可以多样化或改变饮食和农业模式，但撒哈拉以南非洲的许多小规模农民没有这种选择。然而，如果在对撒哈拉以南非洲传粉媒介减少的驱动因素、压力和影响的科学认识的基础上采取管理和政策措施，他们的收入和生计是可以改善的。我们的提案旨在确定知识和能力差距以及目前阻碍可持续地提供作物授粉和生计的技术挑战，这些作物授粉和生计由蜜蜂产品支持。为了实现这一目标，我们将审查作物授粉依赖授粉者和蜂蜜生产依赖生态系统的证据，以明确将气候和土地利用与授粉服务联系起来的科学挑战，以及将授粉者衍生的产品与市场联系起来的科学挑战，并改善撒哈拉以南非洲的生计。这一信息将构成欧洲空间政策局全面提案的基础，该提案旨在开发和测试科学工具，以改善依赖授粉者的服务的提供，并评估和实施在农村生计和贸易中可持续使用授粉者衍生产品的管理和政策选择。我们将开发和评估5个关键领域：（1）改进农业生态系统和授粉媒介的管理，以提供服务;（2）评估授粉媒介服务对农民/养蜂人生计的作用;（3）加强授粉媒介的扶贫效益;气候和土地使用变化对依赖授粉者的农业的影响5）政策选择和能力建设为实现这一目标，我们将：A-审查撒南非洲作物对授粉媒介的依赖性[关键领域1] B-审查影响撒南非洲授粉媒介种群带来的生计利益的社会生态因素[1] C-在内罗毕国际植物保护国际中心举办一次讲习班，题为“实现可持续的依赖授粉媒介的服务”[1+2];确定关键差距、方法和成功的管理干预措施，以改善授粉者和授粉服务及其在撒南非洲农村生计中的作用。D.在利兹举办一次讲习班，题为“授粉者/授粉衍生产品的驱动因素、压力和影响”，探讨现有的和新的方法，以解决依赖授粉者的农业中影响生计的问题和机会[2]，产品和营销[3]以及减轻对土地使用和气候变化的影响[4]和与决策者的联系[5]绘制科学和政策培训以及能力建设在SSA [1-5]的需要重点关注两个密切相关的生态系统服务，使我们能够满足这些服务的所有4个ESPA目标，并在大的空间范围内（SSA，预计在ICIPE研讨会上有8-12个国家的参与者）。我们将能够：㈠就依赖传粉者的服务、其管理、人类利用和可持续减贫途径建立一个强有力的证据基础; ㈡建立一个创新的跨学科社会生态研究框架，以调查植物传粉者系统对多种驱动因素的当前反应并预测其未来反应;（iii）利用我们的联盟网络（例如，国际土著人民教育中心、发展局、非洲农业研究中心、粮农组织），作为与政策制定者、从业人员和决策者接触和交流的起点; ㈣调查培训和能力建设需求，以改善北南和南南研究伙伴关系以及南方研究人员的研究能力。

Two-thirds of our major food plants depend on pollinators, and honey and beeswax produced by wild and managed honey bees and stingless bees is an important source of food and income worldwide. However, multiple interacting threats are currently causing declines in wild and managed bees around the world, suggesting that the pollination and food services provided by pollinators might be under threat. Indeed recent evidence suggests that the expansion in area of pollinator-dependent crops is outstripping the availability of pollinators. While in developed areas, we can diversify or change diets and farming patterns, many small-scale farmers in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) do not have this option. However, their incomes and livelihoods could be improved with management and policy measures based on sound scientific understanding of the drivers, pressures and impacts of pollinator declines in SSA. Our proposal aims to identify the knowledge and capacity gaps and technological challenges currently hampering sustainable delivery of crop pollination and livelihoods supported by bee products in rural SSA. To achieve this, we will review the evidence for pollinator-dependence in crop pollination and ecosystem-dependence of honey production to clearly frame the scientific challenges in linking climate and land use to pollination services and those in linking pollinator-derived products to markets and livelihood improvement in SSA. This information will form the basis for a full ESPA proposal aimed at developing and testing scientific tools to improve delivery of pollinator-dependent services and to evaluate and implement management and policy options for sustainable use of pollinator-derived products in rural livelihoods and trade. We will develop and evaluate 5 key areas: 1) Improving management of agro-ecosystems and pollinators for service provision 2) Assessing the role of pollinator services for cash/subsistence farmer/beekeeper livelihoods 3) Enhancing the pro-poor benefits derived from pollinators 4) Prediction of, and adaptation to, climate and land use change impacts on pollinator-dependent agriculture 5) Policy options and capacity building To achieve this we will: A- Review pollinator dependency of SSA crops [key area 1] B- Review socio-ecological factors affecting livelihood benefits derived from pollinator populations in SSA [1] C- Hold a workshop at ICIPE, Nairobi 'Towards sustainable pollinator-dependent services' [1+2]; to identify the key gaps, approaches, and successful management interventions to improve pollinator and pollination services and their role in rural livelihoods in SSA. D- Hold a workshop in Leeds 'Drivers, pressures and impacts of pollinator/pollination-derived products' to explore existing and new methods to address problems and opportunities in pollinator-dependent agriculture affecting livelihoods [2], products and marketing [3] and needed to mitigate impacts to land use and climate change [4] and linkage to policy makers [5] E- Map the need for scientific and policy training and capacity building in SSA [1-5] Focussing on two closely-linked ecosystem services allows us to meet all 4 ESPA objectives for these services and at a large spatial scale (SSA, participants of 8-12 countries expected at the ICIPE workshop). We will be able to (i) create a strong evidence-base on pollinator-dependent services, their management, human use and pathways to sustainable poverty reduction; (ii) develop an innovative, interdisciplinary socio-ecological research framework to investigate current and predict future responses of plant-pollinator systems to multiple drivers; (iii) use our consortium networks (e.g. ICIPE, BfD, Apimondia, FAO) as a starting point for engagement and communication with policy makers, practitioners and decision makers; (iv) survey training and capacity building needs which will improve north-south and south-south research partnerships and southern researchers' research capacity.