High density sensor network system for air quality studies at Heathrow airport

概述：总体科学目标是展示低成本传感器网络系统的潜力，以适当的粒度表征城市环境中的空气质量，以便了解影响污染物在地方尺度上分布的因素。最终目的是开发和展示一种传感器网络系统*方法，如果部署得当，可以促进科学、经济、公共政策和监管问题，跨越气候变化、人类(健康)反应以及地方和区域规模的空气质量。除了展示通用功能之外，此应用程序的目的是解决与伦敦希思罗机场相关的一些具体的科学问题，并最终解决立法问题。因此，我们建议在伦敦希思罗机场及其周边地区长期部署高密度空气质量传感器网络系统。这将使用最先进的低成本传感器，用于选定的气体和不同大小的气溶胶，为一系列活动和结果提供前所未有的数据集。空气质量与人类健康：世界卫生组织(WHO)于2005年报告了空气质量对人类健康的影响，并确定了空气污染不同成分对死亡率的相对贡献。与健康的相关性最强的是颗粒物，其次是臭氧和二氧化氮；例如，据估计，将PM10的年平均暴露量减少到20微克m-3将导致欧洲每年减少22,000例可归因性死亡。该报告还指出，数百万患有呼吸系统和/或心血管疾病的公民的生活质量大幅下降。然而，不同研究之间污染物水平每增加一次对健康影响的程度不同，部分原因是对人类接触的知识不完善，特别是在城市地点和复杂的多源交通基础设施中。这一问题有助于建立一个高密度、长期的空气质量监测网络，以完善我们对健康影响的驱动因素的理解，并更好地了解潜在的缓解方案。伦敦希思罗机场：还有一个很强的政治因素。2004年，英国交通部成立了专家技术小组，以加强和更新对希思罗机场周围空气质量的评估，以响应机场运输白皮书《航空运输的未来》。这确定了与遵守空气质量标准有关的关键规划问题。在伦敦希思罗机场部署传感器网络：现在可以使用小型化的低成本测量方法来测量在城市环境中观测到的一系列化学物质和气溶胶，同时还存在用于GPS(定位)和GPRS(移动电话数据传输)的基础设施。拟议的主要传感器网络将由一系列约60个传感器单元组成，这些单元结合了NO、NO2、CO、O3、CO2、碳氢化合物、SO2、不同大小的气溶胶、温度和相对湿度，允许在希思罗机场周围(14公里)以几个100米的间隔部署。更多的地点将与邻近行政区的固定AURN地点位于同一地点，并将在战役基础上部署移动传感器。该项目还旨在引入复杂的数学技术，以提供校准传感器网络的创新方法，以及存储和显示获得的数据的复杂方法。还将对希思罗机场周围的污染水平进行最先进的计算机模拟，目的是制作一个更精确的工具来评估潜在的影响，例如机场扩建。其目的是在项目的第一年开发传感器网络，在第二年部署，在第三年进行主要数据分析。

Overview: The overall scientific objective is to demonstrate the potential of low cost sensor network systems for characterising air quality in the urban environment at an appropriate granularity in order to understand the factors which influence pollutant distributions on local scales. The ultimate aim is develop and demonstrate a sensor network system* methodology which, when appropriately deployed, can contribute to scientific, economic, public policy and regulatory issues, crossing climate change, human (health) responses, as well as air quality on local and regional scales. As well as demonstrating a generic capability, the intention of this application is to address a number of specific scientific and ultimately legislative issues relevant to London Heathrow Airport. We therefore propose to deploy a high-density air quality sensor network system in and around London Heathrow Airport for an extended period. This will use state of the art low cost sensors for selected gases and for size speciated aerosols, providing an unprecedented data-set for use in a range of activities and outcomes. Air Quality and Human Health: The World Health Organisation (WHO) reported in 2005 on the effects of air quality on human health and identified the relative contributions to mortality from different components of air pollution. The strongest correlations with health were found to be particulate matter (PM), followed by O3 and NO2; for example it was estimated that a reduction in the PM10 annual mean exposure to 20 ug m-3 would lead to a reduction of 22,000 attributable deaths per year in Europe. The report also identified a substantial reduction in the quality of life for millions of citizens with pre-existing respiratory and/or cardiovascular disease. However, the magnitudes of health impacts per incremental increase in pollutant levels vary between studies, in part due to imperfect knowledge of human exposure particularly within urban locations and complex, multi-source transport infrastructures. The problem lends itself to a high density, long term network of air quality monitoring to refine our understanding of the drivers of the health impacts, and better understand potential mitigation options. London Heathrow Airport: There is also a strong political aspect. In 2004 the DfT established technical panels of experts to strengthen and update the assessment of air quality around Heathrow Airport in response to the Airport Transport White Paper 'The Future of Air Transport'. This identified key planning issues with respect to compliance with air quality standards. Deployment of a Sensor Network at London Heathrow Airport: Miniaturised low cost measurement methodologies are now available for measurements of a range of chemical species and aerosols at concentrations observed in the urban environment, while infrastructures also exist for GPS (positioning) and GPRS (mobile phone data transfer). The proposed primary sensor network would consist of a series of ~60 sensor units combining NO, NO2, CO, O3, CO2, hydrocarbons, SO2, size speciated aerosols, temperature and RH, allowing deployment along the (14 km) perimeter of Heathrow airport at intervals of a few 100 m. Additional sites would be co-located with static AURN sites in neighbouring Boroughs, and on a campaign basis mobile sensors would be deployed. The project also aims to bring complex mathematical techniques to provide innovative ways of calibrating the sensor network, and sophisticated methods for storing and displaying the data obtained. State of the art computer modelling of pollution levels around Heathrow would also be undertaken, with the aim of producing a more refined tool for assessing the potential impacts, e.g. of airport expansion. The intention is that the sensor network would be developed during the first year of the project, deployed during the second year, with major data analysis during the third year.