BIOmes of Brasil - Resilience, rEcovery, and Diversity: BIO-RED

该提案涵盖了巴西最大的三个生物群落，大西洋和亚马逊森林，以及塞拉多稀树草原。这些保护区加起来覆盖了巴西85%的领土，包括地球上许多最多样化的生态系统，但它们的范围都在大幅减少。虽然人们越来越认识到它们植被的价值，但尚不清楚这些系统能够在多大程度上再生或抵抗与气候变化有关的日益增加的环境压力，特别是加热和干燥。BIO-RED的动机是了解这些变化如何影响完整和再生生态系统的能力，从而带来社会效益。这需要解决以下关键问题：(i)对未来环境变化预期的关键压力源，旧的生长和再生生态系统有多大的弹性？这种破坏在与人类社会有关的时间尺度上是一个可逆的过程吗？植被是否会恢复到原来的状态，提供类似的服务？日益炎热的气候是否会影响森林的恢复，改良后的森林是否会比原始森林更容易受到未来环境变化的影响？要回答这些问题，只有充分了解这些系统的功能和它们的敏感性。为了满足这一需求，BIO-RED将采用多尺度方法来评估巴西三大生物群落在面对森林砍伐和气候变化威胁时的功能、生物多样性、恢复力和再生潜力之间的关系。我们的目标是：(i)根据RAINFOR和相关植被普查网络的数据，确定目标生态系统功能和生物多样性之间的生物群落范围的关系；（ii）在3个研究景观的当地尺度上，对原生和再生系统中生物地球化学循环、植物养分利用和物种组成和多样性之间的联系获得详细的机制理解；（iii）通过实时监测植被功能和综合性状评估，检查树种对关键气候相关压力源（干旱、高温和火灾）的生态生理敏感性；(4)开发和应用基于无人机（UAV）的成像光谱平台，在树、地、景观尺度上绘制林冠化学和功能多样性，探索生态系统特性与功能多样性之间的关系；利用永久样地和基于卫星的监测，确定生物群落转变已经发生的程度，包括塞拉多的森林入侵。确定恢复生态系统和生态系统管理保护巴西生物群落生物多样性和提供关键生态系统服务的能力；BIO-RED建立在现有观测网络的基础上，所有这些观测网络都由该提案的pi领导：RAINFOR、GEM、ForestPlots.net （bbb500个原始森林地块）、ECOFOR和BIOTA，以及巴西项目合作伙伴提供的其他观测网络。大多数活动将集中在3个重点景观上，分别是W par<s:1>（亚马逊森林）、E马托格罗索（塞拉多）和E ss<e:1>圣保罗（大西洋森林），每个景观都有一个复杂的古老生长和再生系统马赛克，我们的地块基础设施已经对这些系统进行了很好的采样，因此非常适合通过高光谱成像进行密集的工作来探测过程和扩大规模。BIO-RED将提高对巴西森林和稀树草原抵抗极端气候的程度、破坏可逆的程度以及完整和改良植被对极端气候的脆弱性的理解。它将确定控制生物多样性复原力和恢复以及向人们提供关键生态系统服务的因素。这些数据将用于生态系统管理和政策选择，如REDD+、巴西森林法和巴西生态系统恢复计划。因此，我们期望为这些系统的未来再生和保护奠定更强大的科学基础，从而提高人类社会的效益。

This proposal spans the three largest biomes in Brazil, the Atlantic and Amazon Forests, and Cerrado savanna. Together these cover >85% of Brazil's territory and include many of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth, but all have seen large losses in extent. While the value of their vegetation is increasingly recognized it is unclear to what extent these systems can regenerate or resist the increasing environmental stressors associated with climate change, particularly heating & drying. The motivation of BIO-RED is to understand how these changes affect the ability of intact & regenerating ecosystems to deliver societal benefits. This requires addressing these key questions:(i) How resilient are old-growth & regenerating ecosystems to the key stressors expected from future environmental changes?(ii) Is the destruction a reversible process on time-scales relevant to human society? Thus, will vegetation recover to a similar state as the original and provide similar services?(iii) Will the increasingly hot climate affect the recovery of forests and will modified forests be more vulnerable to future environmental change than intact forests? Answering these questions is only possible with a sound understanding how these systems function and what their sensitivities are. To respond to this need, BIO-RED will apply a multi-scale approach to evaluate the relationships between functions, biodiversity, resilience and regeneration potential in Brazil's three largest biomes in the face of deforestation and climate change threats. Our objectives are to:(i) Determine the biome-wide relationships between target ecosystem functions and biodiversity based on data from the RAINFOR and associated vegetation census networks;(ii) Obtain a detailed mechanistic understanding of the link between biogeochemical cycling, plant nutrient use and species composition and diversity in primary and regenerating systems at the local scale in 3 study landscapes;(iii) Examine tree species' ecophysiological sensitivities to key climate-linked stressors - drought, heat & fire - via real-time monitoring of vegetation functioning and comprehensive trait assessments;(iv) Develop and apply a UAV ("drone")-based imaging spectroscopy platform to map canopy chemistry and functional diversity at tree, plot & landscape scales, and explore the relationships between ecosystem properties & functional diversity;(v) Establish the extent to which biome transitions are already occurring, including forest invasion into cerrado, using both permanent plots and satellite-based monitoring.(vi) Determine the ability of recovering ecosystems and ecosystem management to protect biodiversity & provide key ecosystem services in Brazilian biomes;BIO-RED builds on existing observational networks all led by PIs of this proposal: RAINFOR, GEM, ForestPlots.net (>500 old-growth forest plots), ECOFOR & BIOTA, and others contributed by Brazilian project partners. Most activities will be focused on 3 focal-landscapes, in W Pará (Amazon forest), E Mato Grosso (cerrado), & E São Paulo (Atlantic forest), each with a complex mosaic of old-growth & regenerating systems that is already well sampled by our plot infrastructure and so ideal for intensive work to probe processes & to scale-up via hyperspectral imaging. BIO-RED will improve understanding of the extent to which Brazilian forest & savanna are resisting climate extremes, the extent to which destruction is reversible, & the vulnerabilities of intact & modified vegetation to climate extremes. It will identify the factors that control resilience & recovery of biodiversity & provision of key ecosystem services to people. These will be used to inform ecosystem management & policy options such as REDD+, the Brazilian Forest Code, & Brazilian ecosystem recovery plans. We therefore expect to lay a stronger scientific basis for future regeneration & protection of these systems, and so to improve benefits for human society.