Building resilience along the Colombian Caribbean coast in the face of sudden and slow-onset environmental hazards

复原力是当前发展议程的核心，是减少灾害风险办法的基础。它在2030年全球目标中发挥着核心作用。从根本上说，复原力是关于社区抵抗和吸收环境危害的影响的能力，以便它们能够继续作为成功的社会发挥作用。在许多中低收入国家，洪水和干旱等环境危害的频率和严重程度正在增加，在这些国家，环境退化(如水和土壤污染)可能使从这种影响中恢复的时间更长。贫穷、被边缘化的族裔群体和其他弱势社会阶层，包括老年人和非常年轻的人，特别容易受到这种影响。这些群体缺乏支撑韧性的社会、经济和政治资本，因此，环境变化对这些社区的总体代价比对更有特权的社区更大。因此，特别重要的是了解如何在较贫穷的社区内和为较贫穷的社区建立复原力，以确保它们在未来不那么脆弱。对社区和社会如何能够适应环境危害的一个重要影响是它们过去是如何发展的。历史背景、文化和政治动态都是影响复原力的重要因素，并决定了当地对复原力的理解和框架。然而，大多数关于复原力的研究没有考虑到过去事件和反应的重要性，研究的时间框架最多为几十年。出于这个原因，在这个项目中，我们将汇集社会、政治、文化和环境的历史，以追踪200年来脆弱的热带沿海社区的复原力。该项目将侧重于哥伦比亚加勒比海沿岸的社区，特别是Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta(CGSM)生物圈保护区内的社区。CGSM是哥伦比亚最大的沿海泻湖系统，支持七个社区，所有社区都严重依赖泻湖渔业维持生计。CGSM系统正受到一系列环境压力的威胁，包括海平面上升、气候变暖和降水减少，这些因素加在一起威胁着渔业。这些趋势受到洪水和干旱频率和严重程度增加的影响，与大规模太平洋变暖(厄尔尼诺事件)和酷灵(拉尼娜事件)有关的天气模式有关。我们将从CGSM泻湖边缘的红树林中提取关于干旱和洪水事件、污染和沉降率的详细环境历史，绘制环境变化的历史记录，并确定过去塑造韧性的历史政治趋势。我们将从这些核心地区确定洪水和干旱等关键事件的日期，然后使用历史资料，包括以文学和艺术为基础的作品，并从政治的角度确定影响社区应对措施的一系列社会、政治和文化因素，以及随着时间的推移社区的复原力程度。最后，我们将利用这些信息提出可以增强复原力的方法，以保护社区免受未来环境和社会压力的影响。

Resilience is at the heart of the current development agenda and underpins approaches to disaster risk reduction. It has a central role in the 2030 Global Goals. Fundamentally, resilience is about the ability of communities to resist and absorb the impacts of environmental hazards, so they can continue to function as successful societies. The frequency and severity of environmental hazards, such as floods and droughts, are increasing in many lower and middle-income countries, where environmental degradation (like water and soil pollution) can make recovery from such impacts more prolonged. The poor, marginalised ethnic groups and other vulnerable social sectors, including the old and the very young, are particularly vulnerable to such impacts. These groups lack the social, economic and political capital that underpins resilience and, consequently, the overall cost of environmental change is greater for these communities than for more privileged ones. It is particularly important, therefore, to understand how to build resilience in and for poorer communities in order to ensure that they are less vulnerable in the future.One important influence on how communities and societies are able to adapt to environmental hazards is how they have developed in the past. Historical context, culture and political dynamics are all important factors affecting resilience and shape how it is locally understood and framed. However, most research on resilience fails to take account of the importance of past events and responses, and the timeframe of studies is a few decades at most. For this reason, in this project, we will bring together social, political, cultural and environmental histories to track resilience in a vulnerable tropical coastal community over a 200 year period. The project will focus on communities along Colombia's Caribbean Sea coast, in particular within the Biosphere Reserve site of Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM). The CGSM is Colombia's largest coastal lagoon system, and supports seven communities, all of which are heavily dependent on fisheries from the lagoon for their livelihoods. The CGSM system is under threat from a wide range of environmental pressures including sea level rise, warming climate and reduced precipitation, which combine to threaten the fisheries. These trends are overlain by impacts from the increased frequency and severity of floods and droughts, linked to weather patterns related to large-scale Pacific Ocean warmings (El Niño events) and coolings (La Niña events). We will extract detailed environmental histories regarding drought and flood events, pollution and sedimentation rates from cores that we take from the mangrove forests that fringe the CGSM lagoon, plot historical representations of environmental change and identify historical political trends that have shaped resilience in the past. We will date key events such as floods and droughts from these cores and then use historical sources including literature and arts-based works alongside the lens of politics to identify the range of social, political and cultural factors that have affected the response and the extent of resilience of the communities over time. Finally, we will use this information to propose ways in which resilience could be enhanced to protect the communities against future environmental and societal pressures.