Development of an international research group in hyperspectral thermal remote sensing of volcanic processes and terrains

该项目将在一个在火山过程和地球观测科学方面具有专长的总部设在英国的研究小组、冰岛大学北欧火山中心(UOI)以及丹麦和格陵兰地质调查局(GEUS)之间开展一项新的国际合作。主要目标是建立热波长高光谱发射率数据绘制火山表面和熔岩类型图的潜力，并促进我们对影响火山活动位置、性质和严重程度的过程的了解。热波长高光谱数据提供了克服传统野外测绘和当前(基于光谱反射率的)遥感方法的限制的潜力，并提供了在火山地形上反演矿物学、岩性和形态数据集的范围和质量的阶梯变化。热高光谱数据还有可能解决地表可探测到的关键物理参数和过程，如温度以及气体排放的类型和浓度。该项目的主要科学目标是解决热波长高光谱发射率数据绘制火山表面和熔岩类型的能力。我们还寻求对熔岩流动施加强有力的限制，以及这如何有助于减轻灾害。该项目将使英国和UOI研究团队的技能和经验得以整合，并帮助将光谱发射率和热惯性图开发为强大的、可操作的观测方法。该项目的具体目标是：1.利用实验室和实地测量，建立一个具有代表性的一系列火山样品和地点的光谱发射率和反射率测量数据库。量化综合光谱发射率和反射率数据集的能力，以解决对火山地体关键岩性进行分类所需的诊断矿物学信息。量化(I)地表粗糙度、(Ii)成分不均质性、(Iii)颗粒大小、(Iv)地形、(V)下行长波辐射和(Vi)视角对传感器从各种火山地貌的样品到场地尺度接收的发射率光谱的影响中的空间变异性。解决具有代表性的火山地貌范围内的最佳采样、光谱和时间分辨率以及热惯性制图能力。将实地和无人机的高光谱热数据集与(1)NERC ARF在冰岛实地获取的机载高光谱数据集和(2)最近在冰岛一些火山研究地点获取的NERC ARF热波范围数据进行综合。6.通过在尽可能高的信噪比下恢复最大量的矿物学和岩性分析，确定地面、机载和星基热高光谱仪器的最佳空间和光谱分辨率。这一提议提供了一个极好的机会，可以将研究小组最近由NERC资助的研究成果与NERC在机载和地面地球观测仪器和数据处理(现场光谱分析设备、机载研究设备和ARF-数据分析节点)方面的重大投资结合起来。这将开发一种强大的、可操作的方法，使火成岩的岩性、矿物学和岩石学信息能够在场地到景观的尺度上进行远程测绘，这是目前使用基于遥感的方法无法实现的。由费里尔开发的成像FTIR从地面和无人机获取超高空间、光谱和时间高光谱热波动数据集的能力，将提供一种手段，准确量化OWL仪器识别火山岩成分和结构的能力。

This project will develop a new international collaboration between a UK-based research team, with expertise in both volcanic processes and Earth Observation Science, the Nordic Volcanological Centre at the University of Iceland (UoI) and the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS). The main goal is to establish the potential of thermal wavelength hyperspectral emissivity data to map volcanic surfaces and lava types, and advance our knowledge of the processes that influence the location, nature and severity of volcanic activity.Thermal wavelength hyperspectral data offers the potential to overcome the limitations of both traditional field-based mapping and current (spectral reflectance based) remote-sensing methods and provide a step-change in the range and quality of mineralogical, lithological and morphological datasets retrieved over volcanic terrains. Thermal hyperspectral data also has the potential to resolve key physical parameters and processes detectable at the surface, such as temperature and the type and concentration of gas emissions.The principal scientific aim of this project is to resolve the capability of thermal wavelength hyperspectral emissivity data to map volcanic surfaces and lava types. We also seek to place robust constraints on the movement of lava flows and how this can help with hazard mitigation. This project would enable the skills and experience of the UK and UoI research teams to be integrated and assist the development of spectral emissivity and thermal inertia mapping into robust, operational observational methodologies. The specific objectives of this project are to:1. Create a database of spectral emissivity and reflectance measurements from a representative range of volcanic samples and sites using laboratory and field-based measurements.2. Quantify the capability of an integrated spectral emissivity and reflectance dataset to resolve the diagnostic mineralogical information required to classify the key lithologies in volcanic terrains.3. Quantify the spatial variability in the effect of (i) surface roughness, (ii) compositional heterogeneity, (iii) grain size, (iv) topography, (v) downwelling longwave radiation and (vi) viewing angle on emissivity spectra received at-sensor from the sample-to-site-to-landscape scales at a variety of volcanic terrains.4. Resolve the optimum sampling, spectral and temporal resolutions and capabilities of thermal inertia mapping at a representative range of volcanic terrains.5. Integrate field and UAV hyperspectral thermal datasets with (i) the airborne hyperspectral datasets acquired over the field sites in Iceland by the NERC ARF and (ii) the recent acquisition of NERC ARF thermal wave range data over a number of volcanic study sites in Iceland. 6. Determine the optimum spatial and spectral resolutions for ground, airborne and satellite-based thermal hyperspectral instruments by retrieving the greatest amount of mineralogical and lithological analysis at the highest possible signal-to-noise ratio. This proposal provides an outstanding opportunity to integrate the research outputs from recent NERC funded research by the research team with significant investment by NERC in airborne and ground Earth Observation Instrumentation and data processing (Field Spectroscopy Facility; Airborne Research Facility & ARF-Data Analysis Node). This will develop a robust, operational methodology that will enable the remote mapping of lithological, mineralogical and petrological information of igneous rocks, at site-to-landscapes scales, that is not currently possible using remote sensing based approaches.The capabilities of the Imaging FTIR developed by Ferrier to acquire ultra-high spatial, spectral and temporal hyperspectral thermal waverange datasets from both the ground and a UAV will provide a means of accurately quantifying the capabilities of the OWL instrument to identify volcanic rocks compositions and structures.