Relating Environment-use Scenarios in Pregnancy/Infanthood and Resulting airborne material Exposures to child health outcomes (RESPIRE)

空气污染对儿童健康的有害影响包括肺、脑和心脏功能的改变，并可在胎儿发育期间开始。因此，孕妇在努力了解和减轻空气污染的不利影响方面具有独特的地位。过去几年，人们一直关注交通和工业造成的室外污染，但最近人们的注意力转向了室内空气污染的影响。大多数人90%以上的时间都呆在室内，暴露在油炸食品、烧木头的炉子以及衣服、家具和清洁产品中的化学物质等污染物中。室外空气污染物也会在家中积聚，尤其是在寒冷的月份；在工作场所、学校和我们访问的其他地方也会接触到室内空气污染物。关于怀孕期间室内空气污染的影响，我们掌握的信息很少，这表明它们对发育中的婴儿有负面影响，影响出生体重和肺功能；其他影响尚未被研究。我们的研究旨在确定孕妇的空气污染暴露如何传递给婴儿，从而影响儿童时期的器官发育和健康状况。通过与地方和国家政府、企业、慈善机构和公众分享我们的发现，我们将为他们提供证据，以改变政策和做法，最终减少怀孕期间接触空气污染对儿童健康的不良影响。我们将研究空气中物质对不同孕期孕妇的不同生物样本的影响，而不是孕妇和男性。这些样本将包括可安全用于妊娠的鼻腔样本、外周血和脐带血、胎盘和精子，我们将开发一个人体肺模型。样本将暴露在PM2.5、室内灰尘成分和挥发性有机化合物（如清洁产品中的化学物质）单独或与其他空气传播物质（如花粉和病毒）混合的环境中。这将使我们能够跟踪对空气中物质的反应从母体气道通过循环到胎盘和胎儿的传递和传播。我们将测量基因、蛋白质和代谢物表达的变化，以确定孕妇是否产生不同的毒理学反应。为了阐明这些毒理学反应与胎儿器官发育之间的联系，我们将同时研究动物模型，以确定母体接触的影响。我们还将研究社区中的孕妇，以收集有关其室内环境的数据。这将与已经收集到的关于室外环境的数据以及常规收集的关于我们所有人的其他数据联系起来，例如健康数据，以帮助我们了解孕妇在怀孕期间如何改变对室内和室外环境的使用，以及这对出生结果和孩子以后的健康意味着什么。我们将收集该队列中女性的鼻液、血液、尿液和胎盘等生物样本，看看这些自然暴露的女性组织是否与我们的实验室模型在基因、蛋白质和代谢物表达方面有共同的变化。总的来说，这种方法将揭示对空气传播物质的妊娠特异性毒理学反应，这些物质可以影响发育中的后代。所有参与者将来自不同的背景、地理区域和社会经济环境，包括英国境内最低至最高的潜在暴露，确保我们的发现具有广泛的适用性，并揭示健康不平等的影响。我们的活动将得到公民科学和强有力的管理结构的支持，以确保全英国范围内的联合活动。所获得的独特见解将形成指导方针和政策，并在行为和干预措施的实施方面逐步改变，从而真正为儿童带来长期健康惠益。

Detrimental effects of air pollution on child health include altered function of the lungs, brain and heart and can begin during fetal development. Therefore, pregnant women have a unique position in efforts to understand and lessen the adverse effects of air pollution. Past years have seen a focus on outdoor pollution from traffic and industry but recently attention has moved to the effects of indoor air pollution. Most people spend more than 90% of their time indoors where they are exposed to pollutants from things like frying foods, wood burning stoves and to the chemicals in clothing, furniture and cleaning products. Outdoor air pollutants also accumulate in the home especially in the colder months; exposure to indoor air pollutants also occurs at work, in school and other places we visit. The little information we have about the effects of indoor air pollution exposures during pregnancy suggests that they have negative effects on the developing baby affecting birth weight and lung function; other effects have not been studied. Our studies are designed to determine how air pollution exposures of pregnant women pass to the baby to affect organ development and poor health in childhood. By sharing our findings with local and national government, business, charities and the public we will provide them with the evidence to make changes to policy and practice that will eventually reduce the ill-effects of pregnancy air pollution exposures on child health. We will study the effects of airborne materials on different biological samples collected from pregnant women at different trimesters, not pregnant women and men. These samples will include nasal samples as a source from the airways that is safe to use in pregnancy, peripheral and umbilical cord blood, placenta and sperm and we will develop a human lung model. Samples will be exposed to PM2.5, components of house dust and volatile organic compounds, such as the chemicals found in cleaning products, alone and in combination including with other airborne materials such as pollen and viruses. This will enable us to track the passage and propagation of the response to airborne materials from the maternal airways, through the circulation to the placenta and fetus. We will measure changes in gene, protein and metabolite expression to determine if the toxicological response made differs in pregnant women. To elucidate the link between these toxicological responses and fetal organ development we will study animal models in parallel to determine what effects the maternal exposures are having. We will also study pregnant women in the community to gather data about their indoor environment. This will be linked to already gathered data about the outdoor environment and to other data collected routinely about all of us such as health data to help us understand how pregnant women change their use of indoor and outdoor environments over pregnancy and what this means for birth outcomes and later health of the child. We will collect biological samples such as nasal fluid, blood, urine and placenta from women in this cohort to see if these tissues from women with natural exposures share changes in gene, protein and metabolite expression with our laboratory models. Overall, this approach will reveal pregnancy-specific toxicological responses to airborne materials that can affect the developing offspring. All participants will be from diverse backgrounds, geographical areas and socioeconomic circumstances incorporating the lowest to highest potential exposures within the UK ensuring broad applicability of our findings and revealing the effects of health inequalities. Our activities will be supported by citizen science and vigorous management structures to ensure cohesive UK-wide consortium activities. The unique insights garnered will shape guidelines and policy and provide a step change in the implementation of behaviours and interventions to truly engender long-term health benefits for children.